APPROACHES

• Who suggested the concept of dualism in psychology?

  Descartes
• What does dualism in psychology refer to?

  The interaction of mind and body
• What is the definition of psychology according to the IB?

  The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
• What is the definition of science?

  The pursuit of knowledge through systematic methodology
• What are the features of science?

  • Universal paradigm
  • Theory construction
  • Hypothesis testing
  • Deduction
  • Falsification
  • Replicability
  • Objectivity
  • Empirical method
• When did Wundt set up his first laboratory?

  In 1879
• What is introspection?

  A means of learning about one's mental states
• What are the three conditions of introspection?

  Mentality, first-person, temporal proximity
• What process did Wundt use to isolate conscious thoughts?

  Structuralism
• How did Wundt ensure reliable data in his experiments?

  By using the same stimulus each time
• Who disagreed with the subjective nature of introspection?

  Skinner
• What is radical behaviorism?

  Measuring private events like observable behavior
• What method did Skinner use for research?

  Laboratory experiment method
• What did Skinner's research provide?

  Objective measurement of observable behavior
• What marked the beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?

  Objective measurement of behavior
• What metaphor did cognitive psychology adopt in the 1960s?

  The computer analogy
• What does social learning theory emphasize?

  Learning through vicarious reinforcement
• What is the role of a role model in social learning theory?

  To display behaviors for imitation
• What is identification in social learning theory?

  Relating to a role model to imitate behavior
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Learning by observing rewards given to others
• What are the four mediational processes in social learning theory?

  Attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
• What was the focus of Bandura's Bobo Doll study?

  The effect of aggressive role models on children
• What did Bandura's study find about children who observed aggressive models?

  They behaved more aggressively towards the doll
• What is a limitation of Bandura's Bobo Doll experiment?

  It may lack internal validity
• What does social learning theory acknowledge about human behavior?

  It recognizes the role of cognitive processes
• How does social learning theory differ from behaviorism?

  SLT includes cognitive processes in learning
• What are the key assumptions of the behaviorist approach?

  • All behavior is acquired through conditioning
  • Only observable behavior is studied
  • Basic laws of learning apply to all species
• What are the mechanisms of classical conditioning?

  1. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces unconditioned response (UCR)
  2. Neutral stimulus (NS) paired with UCS
  3. NS becomes conditioned stimulus (CS) producing conditioned response (CR)
• What are the mechanisms of operant conditioning?

  • Behavior is influenced by consequences
  • Reinforcement increases behavior likelihood
  • Punishment decreases behavior likelihood
• What are the types of reinforcement?

  • Positive reinforcement: Rewarding behavior
  • Negative reinforcement: Avoiding unpleasant consequences
• What are the ethical concerns in behaviorist research?

  • Harm to animals in experiments
  • Lack of protection from psychological harm
  • Issues with informed consent
• What are the limitations of social learning theory?

  • Ignores biological differences
  • Demand characteristics in experiments
  • May not account for all behavior types
• What is a potential limitation of Bandura's study regarding internal validity?

  It may not fully investigate aggressive role models
• Why might Bandura's study lack mundane realism?

  It may not reflect real-life aggression
• What is the 'Please-U effect' in Bandura's study?

  Participants may act aggressively to please the experimenter
• How does the cognitive approach differ from behaviorism according to SLT?

  It recognizes the role of mediational processes
• What are the main assumptions of the cognitive approach?

  • Scientific study of internal mental processes is possible
  • Conclusions are made through inferences from observable behaviors
  • Mental processes are separate from the brain
• What is the working memory model?

  A diagrammatic representation of short-term memory

  
• What are the components of the working memory model?

  Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer

  
• How do cognitive psychologists use computer models?

  To understand and model cognitive processes