Chapter 8: Personal Rule and the Short Parliament

• Personal Rule?

  The period between 1629-1640 where Charles I ruled without Parliament
• The Privy Council during Personal Rule?

  It became more important due to the lack of a Parliament. Key privy councillors from this time include Richard Weston, William Laud and William Juxon
• Charles I's prerogative courts?

  The Court of Star Chamber and the Court of High Commission
• Court of Star Chamber?

  Composed of specifically selected privy councillors. Guilty defendants from the Court of High Commission were sent to this court, where their case would be held in secret
• Court of High Commission?

  The public court used by Laud to enforce religious conformity
• Crown debt in 1629?

  £2 million
• How did Charles cut expenditure early into Personal Rule?

  He signed the Treaty of Susa with France in 1629 and the Treaty of Madrid with Spain in 1630, and had Weston lower the costs of running Charles' court
• Consequences of the Treaties of Susa and Madrid?

  Charles significantly reduced expenditure, but he alienated Puritans by withdrawing from the religious conflict of the Thirty Years War
• Consequences of Weston's court finance reforms?

  Some members of the Political Nation were alienated, as they had grown accustomed to the lavish spending of James I's court
• How much money did Charles collect annually from tonnage and poundage?

  £270,000
• When did Charles I introduce a new Book of Rates?

  1635
• How much money did wardships raise annually during Personal Rule?

  £75,000
• Which monopoly earned Charles the most money?

  A monopoly on soap granted to a group of Catholics - Popish Soap - which earned Charles £33,000
• Percentage that revenue from recusancy fines increased during Personal Rule?

  They brought in 500% more money than during the 1620s
• Distraint of Knighthood?

  Anyone who had an income of £40 a year and did not attend Charles' coronation was fined. Charles collected £175,000 with this method
• Forest fines?

  Fines for landowners who had encroached on royal forests. Charles used dubious maps to maximise potential profit, however only £38,667 was raised with this method, and it had the significant drawback of alienating landowners
• Enclosure fines?

  Fines for those who had closed off common land illegally
• Fiscal?

  Financial
• Percentage that royal income increased during Personal Rule?

  50% - it went from £600,000 to £900,000
• Ship money?

  A form of prerogative income which was levied to fund the navy in times of crisis. By 1635, Charles was levying the tax on inland counties annually, as well as coastal towns, despite the lack of current war
• Reaction to ship money in the 1630s?

  It was broadly unpopular, but without Parliament there was no method to express discontent
• What was the root cause of the Scottish Revolution?

  Charles I's isolation from Scotland and his insistence on religious unity across the kingdoms
• Events in Scotland in 1637?

  The new Laudian prayer book was so controversial that bishops had to arm themselves when reading it for the first time. A riot at St Giles Cathedral over the prayer book spread to Glasgow and wider Edinburgh. These protests did not change Charles' actions
• Scottish National Covenant?

  A document created by radical Presbyterians in 1638. It was a manifesto against Charles' religious policy and in favour of Scotland's Presbyterianism. Those who signed the document became known as Covenanters
• Episcopacy?

  A church being governed by bishops, like the Church of England
• General Assembly in Glasgow in 1638?

  Charles allowed this to assemble as he was buying time to raise troops. The assembly annulled Charles' canons and abolished Scottish episcopacy
• Why were the Scots ready to face Charles' army in 1639?

  Charles faced delays raising troops due to issues surrounding ship money, and his soldiers were untrained and unruly
• Truce of Berwick?

  An attempt at peace between Charles and Scotland in 1639. Covenanters didn't trust Charles, didn't disband their armies, and started trying to reduce royal influence in Scotland
• Why did Charles call the Short Parliament?

  Wentworth argued that Parliament was Charles only method of raising enough funds to fight the Scots. Charles refused to compromise with Parliament, and so dissolved it without raising any money
• Treaty of Ripon?

  A treaty between Charles I and the Covenanters. Charles would have to pay the army's living costs (£850 a day) whilst they occupied Newcastle, which forced Charles to call another Parliament
• Trained bands?

  Men selected from local militias to receive special training to defend their country
• Covenanter army?

  Many of its troops had recently served in the Thirty Years War, and these soldiers trained the new recruits. Professional soldiers held important ranks in the army
• Charles I's army in 1639?

  His army was made up of conscripts who were poorly trained. They ravaged the country as they marched north
• Political groups in Ireland?

  Native Irish Catholics, Catholics that descended from English settlers, new Protestant settlers, and Presbyterians based in Ulster
• Plantation?

  The Crown taking Irish land and giving it to English settlers. This led to an increased number of Protestants in Ireland, although they were mostly limited to the northern area of the country
• Thomas Wentworth?

  Although he opposed the forced loan, Wentworth appeased the king during Personal Rule, and he became Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1632. He was recalled to England to advise Charles during the Scottish conflict
• Wentworth in Ireland?

  He enhanced the authority of the English Church in Ireland, and increased customs duties
• Northern Irish reaction to the imposition of Laudianism?

  Protestants in Ireland felt that Laudianism was too similar to Catholicism, more so than elsewhere in Britain, as Protestants were already a minority in Ireland
• Causes of the 1641 Irish Rebellion?

  Catholics in Ireland felt threatened by the growing influence of Presbyterian Scots, and felt they could act as Wentworth was absent
• How many Protestants were killed during the Irish Rebellion?

  Over 3000