Chapter 10: The First Civil War

• In which kingdom did civil war first break out?

  Scotland
• Consequences of Charles I's swift military defeat in Scotland in 1640?

  Charles had to sign the Truce of Ripon in October, which forced him to pay the Scottish army's living costs (£850 a day)
• Solemn League and Covenant?

  A military alliance between the Covenanters and the English Parliament formed in 1643. This alienated some of the Scottish nobles who were still loyal to Charles, and the Scottish troops that Parliament received were not particularly strong, but they forced Charles' northern armies to stay in the north
• Montrose's actions during the Scottish civil war?

  Montrose led royalist forces against the Covenanters in Scotland. He won multiple battles, but his forces slowly began to desert him, due to a lack of support from Charles, and he was crushed by a Covenanter army in September 1645
• How did the civil war begin in Ireland?

  With the Irish Rebellion in October 1641
• Irish confederation?

  An alliance between the Gaelic Irish and the Old English formed in May 1642
• Who commanded the Protestants around Ulster during the Irish civil war?

  The Earl of Ormond
• How were the Protestants in Ulster bolstered in April 1642?

  10,000 Scottish troops arrived. They were provided by the English Parliament
• State of Ireland by 1643?

  Protestants had slightly extended their reach in the north, however the Catholics still held the rest of Ireland, except Dublin
• Why did Irish troops join Charles' army for a year in 1643?

  Ormond signed a one year truce with the Catholic Confederation, so the Gaelic Irish were available to assist royalist forces. However, the 22,000 troops did little to aid Charles militarily, and their presence worsened Charles' negative reputation as a Catholic sympathiser
• Events in Ireland in March 1646?

  Ormond signed a peace treaty with the Confederates
• Charles' royal army?

  Although they won many battles in 1643, they were not well-coordinated due to Charles' indecisiveness
• Council of War in Oxford?

  An effective administrative organisation for the royalists during the early stages of the war
• Earl of Newcastle?

  He failed to involve his army in the 1643 attack on London, which otherwise could have resulted in a royalist victory
• London Trained Bands?

  They defended London against a royalist attack in November 1643. This was a turning point in favour of the parliamentarians
• Committee of Both Kingdoms?

  Set up by the Covenanters and Parliament after the Solemn League and Covenant was signed. It created and maintained the New Model Army
• Prince Rupert?

  Charles I's German nephew. He was not disciplined, but he was one of Charles' key military assets. He became commander-in-chief of the royalist armies until Charles exiled him towards the end of the First Civil War for suggesting a settlement with Parliament
• The largest civil war battle?

  Marston Moor in July 1644. It was a parliamentary victory, but they didn't take advantage of their win
• Largest civil war battle?

  Marston Moor in July 1644. It was a parliamentary victory, but they failed to capitalise on it until Cromwell and Fairfax formed the New Model Army
• Which military campaign destroyed Charles' military capabilities?

  The Battle of Naseby in June 1645. It was the debut of the New Model Army
• Charles' position at the end of the First Civil War?

  In May 1646, Charles surrendered to the Scottish forces, however they immediately gave Charles to Parliament, who placed him under guarded house arrest
• Royalist strengths during the First Civil War?

  They were led by the lawful ruler of the country, they had the majority of the militarily-trained nobility and gentry on their side, they had a clear aim of taking London, and they received military aid from abroad
• Royalist weaknesses during the First Civil War?

  The areas that the royalists controlled were weaker, royalists were unpopular in local communities as they were not disciplined, and the Commissions of Array were legally dubious
• Royalist administration during the First Civil War?

  The Council of War in Oxford was initially effective, however it lacked authority, as royalists in the north and west acted independently. Charles' decision to set up a second council in Bristol spread his talent too thin
• Royalist generals during the First Civil War?

  Charles initially appointed local authorities as military leaders, but when this proved ineffective, he began to appoint men with military experience, like Prince Rupert. This worked better, but was unpopular in the royalist councils
• Division between the royalists during the First Civil War?

  Charles received conflicting advice from his closest advisers. Hyde attempted to reach a settlement, whereas Rupert and Henrietta-Maria stressed the dishonour Charles would face if he negotiated with Parliament
• Charles as a military leader during the First Civil War?

  He was a poor commander-in-chief who accepted bad advice
• Charles and the Catholics during the First Civil War?

  Almost 20% of Charles' officers were Catholic, which was unpopular
• Charles' reliance on foreign aid during the First Civil War?

  His alliance with Rupert left him open to attack, but worse was his correspondence with the French and the Pope being discovered and published by Parliament
• Parliament's finance during the First Civil War?

  Managed efficiently by John Pym. He used the Committee of Both Kingdoms and assessments to raise substantial amounts of money, as well as sequestrations and excises
• Assessments?

  A direct tax on income used to fund parliamentary armies, introduced in November 1642
• Pym's influence in Parliament during the First Civil War?

  Pym held different factions within Parliament together, managed parliamentary finances and agreed to the Solemn League and Covenant
• Parliamentary advantages of holding London?

  Parliament had access to the printing press so they could produce propaganda, and London housed 10% of the English population. The city was a large port and the centre of English industry
• Sequestrations?

  The confiscation of royal land
• Excises?

  A tax on consumer goods, like beer
• Local reaction to Parliament's cause during the First Civil War?

  Parliament appointed many activists that were loyal to the parliamentary cause to positions in local governments to confirm support, which upset the traditional ruling elite. Parliament controlled richer areas than the royalists
• Clubmen?

  A local resistance movement that pushed back against either royalists or parliamentarians looking to exploit local governments for war finances. Fairfax's negotiations with the clubmen meant that they favoured the parliamentary cause
• Parliament's control of the navy during the First Civil War?

  This allowed Parliament to supply their strongholds, like Hull and Plymouth, and it hampered royalist access to supplies
• New Model Army during the First Civil War?

  Professional, regularly paid and religiously motivated soldiers that were never defeated during the First Civil War
• Which side of the First Civil War was at an advantage if it came to a war of attrition?

  Parliament