Chapter 11: The Second Civil War

• Charles I's strategy going into First Civil War negotiations in 1646?

  He refused to consider Parliament's settlements, and sought to exploit the divisions between the English Parliament, the Scots and the New Model Army
• Parliamentary factions in 1646?

  Political Presbyterians and Political Independents
• Important Political Presbyterians?

  Denzil Holles and Philip Stapleton
• Nature of the Political Presbyterians?

  Generally conservative and moderate. Opposed to religious toleration. They were eager for a settlement with the king. They disliked the New Model Army and were allied with the Scots
• Important Political Independents?

  Oliver Cromwell and Henry Ireton
• Nature of the Political Independents?

  Radicals who disliked the authoritarian nature of Scottish Presbyterianism. They wanted religious toleration and for the New Model Army to not be disbanded. They wanted Charles to accept limitations on his power
• Which parliamentary factions held the most influence in 1646?

  The Political Presbyterians, as most of the country were sick of war
• Newcastle Propositions?

  The Political Presbyterian settlement from July 1646. Charles would have to agree to 3 years of Presbyterianism in England, parliamentary control of the army for 20 years and the ascension of the Triennial Act
• Charles' response to the Newcastle Propositions?

  Stalling
• Political Presbyterian's counter-revolutionary action in the winter of 1646?

  They tried to reduce the size of the New Model Army and replace it with an army based on the London Trained Bands
• Declaration of Dislike?

  Holles' Political Presbyterian declaration that Political Independents were enemies of the state
• Why were Political Presbyterians attempting to disband the New Model Army?

  They were very radical, and Parliament owed them £3 million, which they could not afford. The persecution of the New Model Army further radicalised them
• First leaders of the New Model Army?

  Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell
• Thomas Fairfax?

  Commander-in-chief of the New Model Army. An excellent general who was not interested in politics
• Oliver Cromwell?

  A very godly MP who was second-in-command of the New Model Army. He was a conservative, although he believed God needed him to suppress Charles I
• How did Political Independents view Political Presbyterians?

  They thought the Political Presbyterians were trying to create their own army. The Political Independents also wanted their £3 million in arrears, and a pardon for their crimes committed during the war
• Indemnity act?

  Protection from punishment, often after wars
• Actions of the New Model Army in March 1647?

  They petitioned Parliament to have their grievances addressed, but Parliament ignored this
• Actions of the Commons in May 1647?

  After Charles accepted the third draft of the Newcastle Propositions, which entailed 3 years of Presbyterianism in England and 10 years of parliamentary control of the army, the Commons voted to disband the New Model Army with only 8 weeks of pay. The army felt antagonised by this
• Fairfax's meeting at Newmarket?

  The New Model Army began to have a more organised political structure, with Ireton and Cromwell in charge
• Adjutators?

  Men who took a leading role in the politicisation of the New Model Army
• Cornet?

  The lowest rank of army officer
• Events of the 2nd June 1647?

  Charles was kidnapped by New Model Army cornet George Joyce and forced under house arrest at Newmarket
• Humble Remonstrance?

  The army produced this a few days after seizing Charles. It declared that they would not disband until they received indemnity and the Political Presbyterians were removed
• Solemn Engagement?

  Written by Ireton to explain the New Model Army's position to Parliament
• Where was Charles eventually held by the New Model Army?

  Hampton Court
• Who did the New Model Army view as leading Parliament against them?

  Denzil Holles
• A Representation of the Army?

  A statement written by Ireton and Lambert. It outlined the key positions of the army, those being a purge of Parliament, future parliaments having fixed duration and an extension of religious freedom
• Why were the army's grievances important?

  They had physical control of the king
• Events on the 16th July 1647?

  High-ranking officers, such as Cromwell and Ireton, and low-ranking adjutators met at Reading. This meeting exposed how many adjutators felt that their leaders were being too moderate with Charles
• Head of the Proposals?

  Drafted by Ireton and Lambert. It pushed for biennial parliaments, parliamentary control of the army, a less rigid religious settlement and punishment for most royalists
• How and why was the Head of the Proposals lenient to Charles?

  The settlement allowed bishops to govern the Church and Charles was guaranteed personal rights. These concessions likely originated as Ireton was negotiating with the king directly
• Why was there division in the New Model Army in the summer of 1647?

  The cornets were unhappy that their leader's settlement was so lenient to Charles, which would be made worse if Charles did not accept the terms
• What was clear to the army by the time of the Putney debates?

  Charles was not earnestly trying to negotiate with the army, but rather he was just stalling
• What did the New Model Army do in August 1647?

  They marched on Westminster and London
• What did Charles do in November 1647?

  He escaped from Hampton Court
• What was the general reaction to the end of the First Civil War?

  Weariness - people were sick of the taxes and warfare
• Who did Charles negotiate with after escaping from Hampton Court?

  The Scots. Charles formally rejected the Four Bills in December 1647
• Four Bills?

  A combination of the Newcastle Propositions and the Heads of the Proposal
• Engagers?

  A faction of the Covenanters who were disappointed by their alliance with the English Parliament