Industrial medicine

• Who published the germ theory in 1862?

  Louis Pasteur
• What did Louis Pasteur prove wrong?

  Spontaneous generation
• What vaccine did Pasteur create in 1880?

  Chicken cholera vaccine
• What was Pasteur's profession?

  He was a chemist
• Why did people not understand vaccines according to Pasteur?

  They thought vaccines must cause disease
• What dye did Robert Koch use to stain bacteria?

  Methyl violet
• In what year did Koch make the TB vaccine?

  1882
• What vaccine did Koch create in 1879?

  Anthrax vaccine
• What vaccine did Koch develop in 1883?

  Cholera vaccine
• What did Nightingale do to hospitals?

  Cleaned them extremely well
• What did Nightingale write in 1860?

  Notes on nursing
• What was the effect of Nightingale's work?

  Reduced the death rate
• What school did Nightingale create in 1860?

  Thomas hospital
• What style of hospital did Nightingale promote?

  Pavilion style hospitals
• What feature did Nightingale ensure in hospitals?

  Ventilation
• Who found chloroform could be used as an anaesthetic?

  Simpson
• Who did Simpson use chloroform on?

  Queen Victoria's 8th child
• What was a risk of using too much chloroform?

  It could kill due to raised heartbeats
• What was the effect of chloroform on death rates?

  Death rates increased temporarily
• What did chloroform lead to in anaesthetics?

  Safer anaesthetics
• What antiseptic did Joseph Lister discover in 1865?

  Carbolic acid
• What was a downside of carbolic acid for surgeons?

  It dried out their skin
• What was a negative effect of carbolic acid?

  It made surgeons' hands dirty
• What cholera epidemic did John Snow investigate?

  1854 epidemic in Soho
• What did Snow do to address the cholera outbreak?

  Took the handle of the pump
• What caused the cholera outbreak according to Snow?

  Cesspit flooding into water supply
• Why did the government ignore Snow's findings?

  Funding was too expensive
• What event in 1858 caused Parliament to suspend?

  Great stink
• Who did the government employ to build sewers?

  Bazalgette
• When were the sewers under London finished?

  1865
• What disease did Edward Jenner study to develop a vaccine?

  Smallpox
• What did Jenner observe about milkmaids?

  They were immune to smallpox
• What did Jenner publish in 1798?

  His findings on vaccination
• Why did people not believe Jenner's vaccination method?

  He could not explain how it worked
• What did Parliament do regarding vaccinations in 1852?

  Made vaccinations compulsory
• How many people were vaccinated by 1800?

  200,000
• What did the government give Jenner to run a clinic?

  £30,000
• What was Jenner's significance in medicine?

  He was a trailblazer for Pasteur and Koch
• What were the key features of the Public Health Acts?

  • 1st PHA 1848: Failure, not compulsory
  • 2nd PHA 1875: Success, compulsory
  • Required clean water, sewage disposal, public toilets
  • Employed public health officials
  • Built new houses and public parks
  • Inspected food quality and lodging houses
• How did the government's attitude towards public health change in the 1800s?

  They shifted from laissez-faire to intervention