Ainsworth strange situation

• What is a sign of becoming attached to the caregiver?

  Separation anxiety
• How do securely attached babies respond to their caregiver's return?

  They greet with pleasure and seek comfort
• How many episodes are in the attachment procedure?

  Seven episodes
• What is the duration of each episode in the attachment procedure?

  Three minutes
• What are the steps in the attachment procedure?

  1. Caregiver and baby enter playroom
  2. Baby is encouraged to explore
  3. Stranger enters and talks to caregiver
  4. Caregiver leaves baby with stranger
  5. Caregiver returns, stranger leaves
  6. Caregiver leaves baby alone
  7. Stranger returns
  8. Caregiver returns and reunites with baby
• What does the attachment procedure test regarding exploration?

  It tests exploration and secure base
• What does the attachment procedure test regarding stranger anxiety?

  It tests stranger anxiety
• What does the attachment procedure test regarding separation anxiety?

  It tests separation anxiety
• What does the attachment procedure test regarding reunion behavior?

  It tests reunion behavior and exploration
• What did Ainsworth et al. (1978) identify in their findings?

  Three main types of attachment
• What characterizes secure attachment (Type B)?

  They explore happily and seek proximity
• What is separation anxiety?

  Separation anxiety is another sign of becoming attached to the caregiver
• How do securely attached babies respond to the caregiver's return?

  Securely attached babies greet the caregiver's return with pleasure and seek comfort
• How long does each episode of the Strange Situation procedure last?

  Each episode lasts 3 minutes
• What happens in the first episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  The caregiver and baby enter an unfamiliar playroom
• What happens in the second episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  A stranger comes in, talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby
• What happens in the third episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  The caregiver leaves the baby and stranger together
• What happens in the fourth episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves
• What happens in the fifth episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  The caregiver leaves the baby alone
• What happens in the sixth episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  The stranger returns
• What happens in the seventh episode of the Strange Situation procedure?

  The caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
• What does the Strange Situation procedure test?

  • Exploration and secure base
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Separation and stranger anxiety
  • Reunion behaviour and exploration/secure base
  • Separation anxiety
  • Stranger anxiety
  • Reunion behaviour
• What percentage of British babies are classified as securely attached?

  60-75%
• What percentage of British babies are classified as insecure-avoidant?

  20-25%
• What percentage of British babies are classified as insecure-resistant?

  3%
• What are the key differences between the three attachment types?

  Secure attachment (Type B):

  • Explore happily but regularly go back to caregiver
  • Moderate separation distress and stranger anxiety
  • Require and accept comfort from caregiver on reunion

  
  

  Insecure-avoidant attachment (Type A):

  • Explore freely but do not seek proximity or show secure-base behaviour
  • Little or no reaction when caregiver leaves and little stranger anxiety
  • Make little effort to make contact when caregiver returns, may even avoid it

  
  

  Insecure-resistant attachment (Type C):

  • Seek greater proximity than others, so explore less
  • High levels of stranger and separation distress
  • Resist comfort when reunited with caregiver
• How do the three attachment types differ in terms of proximity-seeking, exploration/secure base, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and response on reunion?

  Secure attachment shows moderate levels in these areas, insecure-avoidant shows low levels, and insecure-resistant shows high levels
• If a baby shows little reaction when the caregiver leaves and avoids contact when the caregiver returns, what type of attachment would they likely be classified as?

  Insecure-avoidant
• Who conducted the study on cultural variations in attachment types?

  Marinus van IJzendoorn and Pieter Kroonenberg
• What was the main aim of van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?

  To assess cultural variation in attachment types
• How many studies did the researchers locate for their meta-analysis?

  32 studies
• In how many countries were the studies conducted?

  Eight countries
• How many children were included in the studies analyzed?

  1,990 children
• What method was used to analyze the data from the studies?

  Meta-analysis
• What was the most common attachment type found across all countries?

  Secure attachment
• What was the range of secure attachment proportions found in different countries?

  75% in Britain to 50% in China
• How did rates of insecure-resistant attachment differ between individualist and collectivist cultures?

  Higher in collectivist cultures than individualist
• What percentage of insecure-resistant attachment was found in Ainsworth's original sample?

  Under 14%
• What was the finding regarding variations within the same country compared to between countries?

  Variations within countries were 150% greater
• In the USA, what was the range of secure attachment percentages found in different studies?

  46% to 90%