Reaction pathways

• Alkene to alkane --> Hydrogenation

  Reagents: H2 and Ni catalyst
• Alkane to haloalkane --> radical substitution

  Reagents: Halogen and UV light
• Alkene to haloalkane - electrophillic addition

  Reagents: hydrogen halide
• Alkene to alcohol --> hydration

  Reagents: H2O (steam) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4)
• Alcohol to alkene --> dehydration (elimination reaction)

  Reagents: sulfuric or phosphoric acid under heat
• Haloalkane to alcohol --> nucleophilic substitution reaction

  Reagents: NaOH (aq)
• Alcohol to haloalkane

  Reagents: sulfuric acid and sodium halide
• Haloalkane to amine --> nucleophilic substitution

  Reagents: Excess ammonia or ammonia and ethanol
• Haloalkane to nitrile --> reflux

  Reagents: CN- and ethanol
• Primary alcohol to aldehyde --> distillation

  Reagents: sulfuric acid and acidified potassium dichromate
• Primary alcohol to carboxylic acid --> reflux

  Reagents: sulfuric acid and acidified potassium dichromate
• Aldehyde to carboxylic acid --> reflux

  Reagents: sulfuric acid and acidified potassium dichromate
• Aldehyde to primary alcohol --> nucleophillic addition

  Reagents: NaBH4
• Secondary alcohol to ketone --> reflux

  Reagents: sulfuric acid and acidified potassium dichromate
• Ketone to secondary alcohol --> nucleophilic addition

  Reagents: NaBH4
• Alcohol to ester --> esterification

  Reagents: carboxylic acid and conc sulfuric acid or acid anhydride
• Carboxylic acid to ester --> esterification

  Reagents: alcohol and conc sulfuric acid
• Ester to carboxylic acid --> ester hydrolysis

  Reagents: dilute acid and heat
• Ester to carboxylate --> ester hydrolysis

  Reagents: dilute alkali and heat
• Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

  Reagents: SOCl2
• Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

  Reagents: H2O
• Acyl chloride to ester --> esterification

  Reagents: alcohol
• Acyl chloride to primary amide

  Reagents: NH3
• Acyl chloride to secondary amide

  Reagents: primary amine
• Aldehyde to hydroxnitrile

  Reagents: NaCN and H+
• Ketone to hydroxynitrile

  Reagents: NaCN and H+
• Nitrile to amine

  Reagents: H2 and nickel catalyst
• Hydroxynitrile to amine

  Reagents: H2 and Nickel catalyst
• Nitrile to carboxylic acid

  Reagents: H2O and HCl and heat
• Hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

  Reagents: H2O and HCl and heat
• Benzene to nitrobenzene --> nitration of benzene

  Reagents: conc nitric acid and conc sulfuric acid
• Nitrobenzene to phenyl amine

  Reagents: Sn (tin) and conc HCl
• Alkylation of benzene:

  Reagents: CH3Cl and AlCl3
• Acylation of benzene

  Reagents: CH3COCl and AlCl3
• Halogenation of benzene

  Reagents: Halogen and AlCl3 or AlBr3