topic 7 part 2

• What is the purpose of the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

  To predict allele frequencies within a population
• What are the three key terms to understand the Hardy-Weinberg principle?

  • Gene pool
  • Population
  • Allele frequency
• What does the gene pool represent?

  All alleles of all genes in a population
• How is a population defined in the context of Hardy-Weinberg?

  All individuals of one species in one area
• What does allele frequency indicate?

  The proportion of an allele in the gene pool
• What assumption does the Hardy-Weinberg model make about allele frequency?

  No change from one generation to the next
• What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg model?

  • No migration
  • No mutations
  • No selection
  • Random mating
  • Large population
• What do the variables P and Q represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equations?

  P is dominant allele frequency, Q is recessive
• What does the equation P + Q equal?

  One
• What is the relationship between P and Q in Hardy-Weinberg?

  P and Q represent allele frequencies
• What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle in biology?

  It helps predict genetic variation in populations
• What is the relationship between competition and natural selection?

  Competition leads to natural selection
• What is a phenotype?

  Physical characteristic of an organism
• What determines a phenotype?

  Genetics and environmental factors
• What is the primary source of genetic variation?

  Mutations
• How does meiosis contribute to variation?

  It introduces genetic variation randomly
• What happens to individuals with advantageous phenotypes?

  They are more likely to survive and reproduce
• What is differential reproductive success?

  Only certain individuals reproduce successfully
• How many types of natural selection are there?

  Three types
• What are the three types of natural selection?

  Stabilizing, directional, and disruptive
• What does disruptive selection lead to?

  Speciation
• What occurs during disruptive selection?

  Two extreme traits become more common
• What is speciation?

  Creation of new species
• What causes reproductive isolation?

  Two populations can no longer breed together
• What accumulates in isolated populations over generations?

  Differences in gene pools
• What is allopatric speciation?

  Geographical separation of populations
• What happens to mutations in separated populations?

  They accumulate differently in each population
• What is sympatric speciation?

  Populations are in the same location but don't breed
• What can cause behavioral isolation?

  Differences in courtship rituals
• How can flowering times lead to speciation?

  Different flowering times prevent reproduction
• What is genetic drift?

  Change in allele frequency in a population
• Why is genetic drift significant in small populations?

  It has a larger impact on allele frequency
• What is required for genetic drift to lead to evolution?

  Substantial change in allele frequency
• Why do small populations evolve more rapidly?

  Small changes have a bigger impact
• What are the key concepts of speciation?

  • Creation of new species
  • Reproductive isolation
  • Accumulation of genetic differences
  • Allopatric and sympatric speciation
• What are the types of natural selection?

  1. Stabilizing selection
  2. Directional selection
  3. Disruptive selection
• What are the steps leading to speciation?

  1. Original population splits
  2. Reproductive isolation occurs
  3. Accumulation of genetic differences
  4. Two populations become distinct species
• What are the differences between allopatric and sympatric speciation?

  • Allopatric: Geographical isolation
  • Sympatric: Behavioral isolation despite proximity
• What is always present within a population?

  Competition for resources
• What results from natural differences in survival rates?

  Natural selection