protein synthesis (triple)

• What is DNA made of?

  Double-stranded polymer of nucleotides
• How many different nucleotides are there?

  Four different nucleotides
• What are the bases of the nucleotides called?

  A, T, G, and C
• How do the two strands of DNA relate to each other?

  They are complementary to each other
• Which base pairs with adenine (A)?

  Thymine (T)
• Which base pairs with cytosine (C)?

  Guanine (G)
• What are proteins made of?

  Polymers of amino acids
• How many different amino acids are there in humans?

  Twenty different amino acids
• What determines the shape of a protein?

  The specific order of amino acids
• How is the order of amino acids in a protein determined?

  By the sequence of bases in the gene
• What happens when a cell makes a protein?

  The cell reads the DNA sequence
• What does the cell read the DNA sequence as?

  Triplets of bases
• What is the first stage of protein synthesis called?

  Transcription
• Where does the first stage of protein synthesis take place?

  In the nucleus
• What is the complementary template molecule called?

  Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• What is the structure of mRNA?

  It is a single-stranded molecule
• What happens to mRNA after it is formed?

  It passes into the cytoplasm
• What is the second stage of protein synthesis called?

  Translation
• Where does translation take place?

  In the cytoplasm
• What does mRNA attach to during translation?

  A ribosome
• What brings amino acids to the ribosome?

  Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• What does the ribosome read from the mRNA?

  The triplets of bases
• What does the ribosome use to join amino acids?

  The correct order from mRNA
• What happens once the protein chain is complete?

  It folds into its unique shape
• Why is the shape of a protein important?

  It enables the protein to do its job
• What are the stages of protein synthesis?

  1. Transcription: DNA sequence is copied to mRNA in the nucleus.
  2. Translation: mRNA is read by ribosomes to assemble amino acids into proteins in the cytoplasm.
• What are the roles of different proteins?

  • Enzymes (e.g., amylase)
  • Structural proteins (e.g., collagen)
  • Hormones (e.g., insulin)
• What is the relationship between DNA, mRNA, and proteins?

  • DNA contains the genetic code.
  • mRNA is the copy of the gene.
  • Proteins are synthesized based on the mRNA sequence.