Infection and Response

• What are cilia?


  Tiny hair-like projections on cells
• What happens to antibiotics over time?

  They may become less effective due to resistance
• What is a super bug?

  An antibiotic-resistant bacteria strain
• How do white blood cells help defend against infection?

  By producing antitoxins and ingesting pathogens
• What do white blood cells produce to help defend against infection?


  Antibodies
• How is measles spread?

  Through contact with saliva and mucus
• What bodily structure does the trachea lead to?

  The paired bronchi
• How many bronchi do humans have?

  Two (left and right bronchus)
• How long does drug testing of new medicine take?

  It takes years
• How is Salmonella poisoning spread?

  Through ingestion of contaminated food
• What is the method of creating a vaccine?

  Injecting with inactive or weakened pathogens
• What does a vaccine cause the body to do?

  Create antibodies
• Who discovered Penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• Who discovered the smallpox vaccine?

  Edward Jenner
• What is the role of cilia in the trachea?

  To move mucus out of the lungs
• What do antibodies respond to?

  One type of antigen
• What causes malaria?

  A protist called Plasmodium
• Why should volunteers in drug testing trials be fully healthy?

  To check for side effects
• What does TMV stand for?

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• How does rose black spot spread?

  By water and wind
• What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

  A bacterial virus
• Where does penicillin come from?

  Penicillium mould
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Neither volunteers nor doctors know treatment
• What is the function of mucus in the lungs?

  To trap pathogen particles
• What do painkillers do?

  Relieve symptoms, not kill pathogens
• Why is a higher vaccination rate more effective?

  Fewer people can pass it to unvaccinated
• How can disease be spread?

  • Animals

  • Saliva

  • Contact

  • Bodily Fluids

  • Water

  • Air

  • Needles

  • Coughing and sneezing

  • Food

  • Inherited
• Define Pathogenic


  any disease-producing agent, especially a virus, bacterium or other microorganism
• Gonorrhoea is an STD from bacteria. Symptoms include thick, green discharge.

  Treatments include antibiotic tablets.
• Rose Black Spot is a fungus that affects plants.

  Symptoms include purple/black patches on leaf surface.

  Treatments include fungicide spray that kills fungi cells.
• What is TMV

  It stands for Tobacco Mosaic Virus, a plant disease that discolours their leaves in “mosaic-like” patterns
• Name 5 physical features of the human body that prevent you from getting ill

  • Eyelashes

  • Ear wax

  • Skin

  • Scabs

  • Eyebrows
• what are pathogens?

  Disease-causing microorganisms.
• What is the role of platelets in your blood?

  Clot the blood causing scabs to prevent pathogens entering
• What are three chemical features in the human body that prevents you from getting ill?

  • Stomach acid

  • White blood cells

  • Enzymes in your tear ducts
• What is the role of goblet cells?

  To produce mucus to trap the pathogens in your airways
• How does smoking damage your cilia?

  It paralyses them so they cannot move excess mucus to the back of your throat
• What type of pathogen causes gonorrhoea?

  Bacterium
• What type of pathogen causes malaria?

  Protist
• What type of pathogen causes measles?

  Virus