Atom Economy

• Why is atom economy important in industrial reactions?

  It maximizes useful products from reactants
• What does atom economy depend on?

  It depends on the percentage yield of the reaction
• What is the formula for calculating atom economy?

  Atom economy = (mass of desired products / mass of all reactants) × 100
• What are the implications of a high atom economy?

  • More efficient use of resources
  • Less waste produced
  • Higher profitability
  • Better environmental impact
• What does 100% atom economy indicate?

  All reactants are converted to useful products
• What happens when reactions produce multiple products?

  Some products may be useful, others wasted
• How does atom economy relate to manufacturing chemicals?

  It shows how efficiently reactants are used
• In the reaction CH₄(g) + H₂O(g) → CO(g) + 3H₂(g), what is the desired product?

  Hydrogen gas (H₂)
• How do you calculate the molar mass of CH₄?

  Mᵣ(CH₄) = 12 + (4 × 1) = 16
• What is the molar mass of H₂O?

  Mᵣ(H₂O) = (2 × 1) + 16 = 18
• What is the total molar mass of the reactants in the given reaction?

  Mᵣ(total) = 16 + 18 = 34
• How do you calculate the total molar mass of the desired product?

  3 × Mᵣ(H₂) = 3 × (2 × 1) = 6
• What is the atom economy for the reaction producing hydrogen gas?

  Atom economy = 6 / 34 × 100 = 17.6%
• What does a low atom economy indicate about waste?

  It suggests a high percentage of waste produced
• What are the advantages of high atom economy in reactions?

  • Reduces waste
  • Increases efficiency
  • Enhances profitability
  • Minimizes environmental impact
• Why are low atom economy reactions often not profitable?

  They produce more waste than useful products
• What is a consequence of using low atom economy reactions?

  They can lead to resource depletion and waste
• What are the challenges of low atom economy reactions?

  • Increased waste management costs
  • Environmental concerns
  • Resource inefficiency
  • Potential regulatory issues
• What is the best way to address atom economy problems?

  Improve reaction efficiency and reduce waste
• How do low atom economy reactions affect raw materials?

  They often require expensive raw materials
• What is a common issue with low atom economy reactions?

  They generate significant waste materials
• What are the implications of high atom economy for the environment?

  • Less waste leads to lower pollution
  • More sustainable resource use
  • Better compliance with regulations
  • Enhanced public perception of processes
• What is a key benefit of high atom economy for profits?

  It maximizes the yield of useful products
• Why is it important to manage waste in chemical reactions?

  To reduce environmental impact and costs
• How does waste management relate to atom economy?

  Higher atom economy reduces waste management needs
• What are the environmental benefits of high atom economy?

  • Reduces landfill waste
  • Lowers emissions
  • Promotes recycling
  • Supports sustainable practices
• What is the general outcome of low atom economy reactions?

  They are not usually profitable.
• Why are raw materials often expensive to buy?

  They can be costly to acquire.
• What is a consequence of waste products in reactions?

  They can be expensive to remove and dispose of.
• What is the best approach to handle waste products from reactions?

  • Find a use for the waste products
  • Avoid simply throwing them away
  • Explore multiple ways to utilize them
• What happens to the atom economy as more products are produced?

  It decreases with more products.
• What is the atom economy for reactions with only one product?

  100%
• What is the atom economy for reactions with multiple products?

  It is lower than 100%.
• How does the number of products affect the atom economy?

  More products lead to lower atom economy.
• What is the atom economy of a reaction with a single product?

  100%
• What is a key factor to consider when choosing a reaction to produce a certain product?

  Atom economy is an important factor.
• What should you do if you encounter an unfamiliar industrial reaction in an exam?

  Apply the same principles as known reactions.
• What is the reaction that produces NH₃ in the study material?

  A + B produces NH₃.
• What is the atom economy for the reaction producing NH₃ from A?

  It is 100% for one product.
• Which reaction has the higher atom economy, A or B?

  A has the higher atom economy.