Biology endocrine system

• What are the main endocrine glands in the human body and their functions?

  • Pineal gland: Regulates sleep-wake cycles
  • Hypothalamus: Coordinates the endocrine system
  • Pituitary gland: Secretes hormones that regulate other glands
  • Thyroid gland: Regulates metabolism
  • Thymus: Produces T cells for the immune system
  • Pancreas: Produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
  • Adrenal glands: Produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline
  • Testes (male) / Ovaries (female): Produce sex hormones
  • Kidneys: Regulate fluid balance and blood pressure
• What is the name of the gland located at the base of the brain?

  Pituitary gland
• What is the name of the gland located above the kidneys?

  Adrenal glands
• What distinguishes hormones from nerves in the endocrine system?

  Hormones travel through the bloodstream, nerves do not
• What functions do hormones control in the body?

  • Mood regulation
  • Metabolism control
  • Growth and development
• What are the chemical messengers in the endocrine system called?

  Hormones
• What do major endocrine glands release?

  Hormones
• Which gland is known for releasing hormones that control growth and development?

  Pituitary gland
• How do hormones reach their target organs?

  They travel through the bloodstream
• What are the key differences between the pineal gland and the pituitary gland?

  Pineal gland:

  • Regulates sleep-wake cycles
  • Produces melatonin

  
  

  Pituitary gland:

  • Coordinates the endocrine system
  • Secretes hormones that regulate other glands
• What type of hormones does the adenohypophysis secrete?

  Stimulating hormones
• How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system in terms of communication?

  Endocrine uses hormones; nervous uses electrical signals
• What are the main components of the endocrine system?

  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pineal gland
  • Thyroid and parathyroid glands
  • Thymus
  • Pancreas
  • Ovary (in females)
  • Testicle (in males)
  • Adrenal glands
  • Placenta (during pregnancy)
• What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

  Body's control system using hormones
• What are endocrine glands?

  Ductless glands that produce hormones
• What is the name of the gland located at the base of the brain?

  Pituitary gland
• What are the key components of the endocrine system?

  • Endocrine system
  • Chemical messengers (hormones)
  • Bloodstream for transport
  • Major endocrine glands
• What is the name of the gland located above the kidneys?

  Adrenal glands
• What is the role of the image in the study material?

  It shows major endocrine glands
• What hormones do the adrenal glands release during stress?

  Adrenaline and cortisol
• What is the role of the endocrine system in relation to environmental changes?

  Maintaining homeostasis
• What is the name of the central part of the adrenal gland?

  Medulla
• How do adrenaline and cortisol affect the body?

  They increase heart rate and blood pressure
• What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

  Neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis
• What is the function of the thyroid gland?

  Controls metabolism through hormone production
• What is the name of the gland located in the abdomen that produces insulin and glucagon?

  Pancreas
• What size is the pituitary gland?

  Pea-sized
• What are the four main hormone groups produced by the adrenal glands?

  Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Catecholamines, Peptides
• What are the major endocrine glands mentioned?

  • Pituitary gland
  • Hypothalamus
• What are the adrenal glands associated with?

  Stress response
• What is the name of the gland located in the brain that produces melatonin?

  Pineal gland
• If a patient has high blood pressure, which adrenal hormone is likely elevated?

  Aldosterone
• How is the pituitary gland visually represented in the provided image?

  As a small white structure attached to the brain stem
• How does the pituitary gland release hormones?

  Controlled by signals from the hypothalamus
• What is the abbreviation for the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) released by the anterior pituitary?


  TSH
• What are the key structures and their functions in the pituitary gland?

  • Paraventricular nucleus: Neurosecretory cells
  • Supraoptic nucleus: Secretes hormones
  • Optic chiasma: Connects the two optic nerves
  • Pars nervosa of neurohypophysis: Stores and releases hormones
  • Pars distalis of adenohypophysis: Produces hormones
• What is the name of the gland located in the chest that is involved in the immune system?

  Thymus
• What are the main hormones produced by the adrenal gland?

  • Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone)
  • Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone, Corticosterone)
  • Androgens (Estrogens, Testosterone)
  • Catecholamines (Epinephrine, Norepinephrine)
  • Peptides (Somatostatin, Substance P)
• How does negative feedback work in the thyroid hormone production process?

  High T3 levels inhibit TRH and TSH production
• How do the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis differ in hormone production?

  • Neurohypophysis: Stores hormones from hypothalamus
  • Adenohypophysis: Synthesizes and releases its own hormones