photosynthesis

• What is the global process used by autotrophs to make organic molecules?

  Photosynthesis
• How is light energy transformed in photosynthesis?

  Into chemical potential energy
• What are the main differences between respiration and photosynthesis?

  • Respiration occurs in mitochondria; photosynthesis in chloroplasts
  • Respiration uses chemical bonds; photosynthesis uses light
  • Respiration includes aerobic and anaerobic reactions; photosynthesis has light-dependent and light-independent reactions
  • Respiration produces glucose, lipids, amino acids; photosynthesis produces food
• Where do respiration reactions occur?

  Mitochondria
• Where do photosynthesis reactions occur?

  Chloroplasts
• What types of reactions are involved in respiration?

  Aerobic and Anaerobic
• What types of reactions are involved in photosynthesis?

  Light dependent and Light independent
• What is the primary purpose of respiration?

  Energy
• What is the primary purpose of photosynthesis?

  Food
• What are photosystems?

  Funnel-shaped structures in thylakoid membrane
• What is the function of photosystems?

  To absorb light of different wavelengths
• How many types of photosystems are there?

  Two
• What happens to electrons in photosystems when light is absorbed?

  They become excited
• What is the primary pigment in the reaction center of photosystems?

  Chlorophyll a
• What is the role of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?

  To transfer light energy to primary pigments
• What is the structure of grana in chloroplasts?

  Stack of 100 thylakoids
• Why are grana important for photosynthesis?

  They provide a large surface area for reactions
• What is the function of thylakoid lamella?

  Connects thylakoids in chloroplasts
• What is found in the stroma of chloroplasts?

  Chloroplast DNA and ribosomes
• What is produced during the light-dependent reactions (LDR)?

  ATP and NADPH
• What are the steps of the light-dependent reaction (LDR)?

  1. Takes place in thylakoid membrane
  2. Light absorbed by electrons
  3. Photosystem II excites electrons
  4. Electrons enter electron transport chain
  5. Water molecules split, producing O2
  6. ATP and NADPH are produced
• What accumulates to create an electrochemical gradient during LDR?

  H+ ions
• What is the Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis?

  Light-independent reaction producing glucose
• What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle?

  Glucose
• Where does the light-independent reaction take place?

  In the stroma
• What are the light-limiting factors affecting photosynthesis?

  • Light intensity: Reduces light energy, affecting ATP and NADPH production
  • Temperature: High temperatures denature enzymes, slowing reactions
  • Carbon dioxide: Low concentrations reduce reaction rates and CO2 fixation
• How does low light intensity affect photosynthesis?

  Reduces ATP and NADPH production
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures during photosynthesis?

  They denature
• How does low carbon dioxide concentration affect photosynthesis?

  Reduces rate of reaction
• What is the effect of reduced CO2 on RuBP?

  RuBP is converted, not used
• What happens to TP concentration with low CO2?

  TP concentration is reduced
• What is the role of NADP reductase in LDR?

  Used electron from photosystem 2
• What is the significance of the electrochemical gradient in LDR?

  It drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase
• What is the relationship between light-dependent and light-independent reactions?

  Light-dependent reactions produce ATP for light-independent reactions
• What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

  Absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
• How do carotenoids assist in photosynthesis?

  They absorb light and transfer energy
• What is the function of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?

  To synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi
• What is the significance of the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts?

  It hosts the light-dependent reactions
• How does the structure of chloroplasts facilitate photosynthesis?

  Maximizes light absorption and reaction efficiency
• What is the role of the outer membrane in chloroplasts?

  It protects the chloroplast and regulates entry