Test

• Who conducted the 'Reactions to Accents' study in 1975?

  Howard Giles
• What technique did Giles use in his study?

  Matched guise technique
• What was the main finding regarding speakers with standard accents?

  Rated highly for competence features
• What features were speakers with non-standard accents rated highly for?

  Social attractiveness and personal integrity
• Who studied Norwich speech in the 1970s?

  Peter Trudgill
• What variable did Trudgill study in Norwich speech?

  Final consonant in words like walking
• What is the pronunciation difference noted in Norwich?

  Use of walkin' instead of walking
• What correlation did Trudgill find regarding speech and social class?

  More careful speech in higher social classes
• How did men's and women's speech differ in Trudgill's study?

  Men used nonstandard forms more than women
• What did women in Trudgill's study believe about their speech?

  They thought they used standard forms more
• What did men in Trudgill's study believe about their speech?

  They thought they used nonstandard forms more
• What did Labov study in his 1966 New York study?

  Nonprevocalic (r) in speech

  
• What was the main focus of Labov's department store study?

  Speech patterns of sales assistants
• What did Labov find about the use of nonprevocalic (r)?

  Varied with formality and social class

  
• What percentage of nonprevocalic (r) was found in casual speech for lower working class?

  2.5%

  
• What trend did Labov observe in the use of nonprevocalic (r) across speech styles?

  Increased use in careful speech
• What did Labov's 1972 study focus on?

  Speech patterns on Martha's Vineyard

  
• What was the population of Martha's Vineyard?

  About 6000 permanent residents
• What did Labov find about the younger speakers on Martha's Vineyard?

  Shift towards conservative Vineyard pronunciations

  
• What social group did the Chilmark fishermen represent?

  Independent and skilled individuals
• How did the fishermen's speech influence other islanders?

  Others imitated their speech patterns

  
• What did Milroy's 1992 study focus on?

  Social networks in Belfast

  
• What are closed networks characterized by?

  High density of social connections
• What is a multiplex network?

  Links through multiple social ties
• What correlation did Milroy find regarding network strength and speech?

  High network strength linked to vernacular use

  
• How did unemployment affect speech patterns in Milroy's study?

  Men sought work outside the community
• What did Jenny Cheshire study in Reading?

  Grammatical variables and peer culture

  
• What grammatical variables did Cheshire record in her study?

  1. Non-standard -s
  2. Non-standard has
  3. Non-standard was
  4. Negative concord
  5. Non-standard never
  6. Non-standard what
  7. Non-standard do
  8. Non-standard come
  9. Ain't = auxiliary have
  10. Ain't = auxiliary be
  11. Ain't = copula
• What are the key findings from Trudgill's Norwich study?

  1. Careful speech correlates with standard forms.
  2. Lower social classes use more nonstandard forms.
  3. Men use nonstandard forms more than women.
  4. Women overestimate their use of standard forms.
  5. Men overestimate their use of nonstandard forms.
• What are the main findings from Labov's New York study?

  1. Nonprevocalic (r) varies by social class.
  2. Higher frequency in careful speech.
  3. Sales assistants' speech reflects store prestige.
  4. Casual speech shows lower use of (r).

  
• What are the main findings from Labov's Martha's Vineyard study?

  1. Younger speakers shift towards local pronunciations.
  2. Chilmark fishermen represent independent values.
  3. Imitation of fishermen's speech by other islanders.
  4. Speech patterns influenced by social identity.

  
• What are the key findings from Milroy's Belfast study?

  1. Closed networks enforce linguistic norms.
  2. High network strength correlates with vernacular use.
  3. Unemployment affects men's speech patterns.
  4. Young Clonard women form dense, multiplex networks.

  
• What type of network did the young Clonard women belong to?

  A tight-knit network
• Who conducted the Reading Study?

  Jenny Cheshire
• What was the focus of Jenny Cheshire's Reading Study?

  The relationship between grammatical variables and peer culture

  
• How many groups did Cheshire gain acceptance from in her study?

  Three groups
• How many grammatical variables did Cheshire record?

  Eleven variables
• What distinction did Cheshire make among the girls in her study?

  Between positive and negative attitudes towards certain activities
• What were the two groups of girls in Cheshire's study called?

  Group A and Group B
• What were the frequency indices for non-standard variables for Group A and Group B girls?

  Group A:

  • non-standard -s: 25.84
  • non-standard has: 36.36
  • non-standard was: 63.64
  • negative concord: 12.50
  • non-standard never: 45.45
  • non-standard what: 33.33
  • non-standard come: 30.77
  • ain't = copula: 14.29

  
  

  Group B:

  • non-standard -s: 57.27
  • non-standard has: 35.85
  • non-standard was: 80.95
  • negative concord: 58.70
  • non-standard never: 41.07
  • non-standard what: 5.56
  • non-standard come: 90.63
  • ain't = copula: 67.12