C7-Organic

• What is crude oil primarily composed of?

  A mixture of many hydrocarbons
• How is crude oil formed?

  From dead plants and animals buried in mud
• What elements do hydrocarbons contain?

  Hydrogen and carbon atoms
• What are some products derived from crude oil processing?

  Fuels, polymers, solvents, detergents
• What is complete combustion?

  An oxidation reaction with plenty of oxygen
• What is the general equation for complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• Why are hydrocarbons used as fuels?

  Combustion releases a lot of energy
• What happens to boiling point, viscosity, and flammability as hydrocarbon chain length increases?

  • Boiling point increases
  • Viscosity increases
  • Flammability decreases
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  To separate hydrocarbons in crude oil
• Where do shorter hydrocarbons condense in fractional distillation?

  Near the top of the column
• What happens to crude oil during fractional distillation?

  It is heated until most has evaporated
• What are the names of the first four alkanes?

  Methane, ethane, propane, butane
• What is the general formula for alkanes?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What type of bonds do alkanes contain?

  Only single covalent bonds
• What is cracking in organic chemistry?

  Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into shorter ones
• Why is there a high demand for fuels with shorter carbon chains?

  They are more useful for various applications
• What is produced alongside shorter-chain alkanes during cracking?

  Alkenes
• How are long-chain hydrocarbons vaporized in cracking?

  By heating them
• What is the role of a catalyst in catalytic cracking?

  To speed up the cracking process
• How do alkenes react with bromine water?

  They change from orange to colourless
• What are the two methods of cracking hydrocarbons?

  1. Catalytic cracking
  2. Steam cracking
• What are the properties of alkanes compared to alkenes?

  • Alkanes: saturated, less reactive
  • Alkenes: unsaturated, more reactive
• What is the significance of the bromine test?

  It indicates the presence of alkenes