Kingdoms of life

• What are the five kingdoms of life excluding viruses?

  Animals, plants, fungi, protists, bacteria
• Why are viruses considered the odd one out among living organisms?

  They are not classified as living organisms
• What type of cells are animals, plants, fungi, and protists made of?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What is a key feature of eukaryotic cells?

  DNA is in the form of chromosomes
• How do bacteria differ from eukaryotic organisms?

  Bacteria are prokaryotic and lack a nucleus
• How much smaller are bacteria compared to eukaryotic cells?

  10 to 100 times smaller
• What is the size comparison of viruses to prokaryotic cells?

  Viruses are 10 to 100 times smaller
• What is a common characteristic of all animals?

  They are multicellular heterotrophs
• What does it mean for an organism to be multicellular?

  It is made up of many cells
• How many species of animals are estimated to exist on Earth?

  Between 5 and 10 million
• How do animals obtain their energy?

  From consuming other organisms
• How many species of plants are estimated to exist?

  Around 300,000 species
• How do plants obtain their energy?

  Through photosynthesis using sunlight
• What is a key difference between fungi and plants?

  Fungi cannot photosynthesize
• What type of nutrition do most fungi use?

  Saprotrophic nutrition
• How do fungi obtain their nutrients?

  By secreting enzymes and absorbing nutrients
• What is mycelium in fungi?

  A body made of thread-like structures
• What can some fungi cause in humans?

  They can be pathogens causing diseases
• What do the terms protists and protozoa refer to?

  They refer to the same kingdom of organisms
• What is a common characteristic of most protists?

  They are unicellular organisms
• How do some protists obtain energy?

  By photosynthesis or consuming other organisms
• What are bacteria classified as?

  Single-celled prokaryotic organisms
• Where can bacteria be found?

  Almost everywhere, including on skin
• How do most bacteria obtain their energy?

  By feeding off other organisms
• What is a key characteristic of viruses?

  They are not considered living organisms
• How do viruses reproduce?

  Only inside living cells of hosts
• What is the structure of a virus?

  A protein coat surrounding genetic material
• Why are viruses considered parasites?

  They depend on hosts to reproduce
• What is a common characteristic of all viruses?

  They always cause harm to hosts
• Name a virus that causes influenza.

  Influenza virus
• What virus affects tobacco and tomato plants?

  Tobacco mosaic virus
• What virus can cause AIDS?

  HIV virus
• What virus is associated with COVID-19?

  COVID-19 virus
• What are the key features of the five kingdoms of life?

  • Animals: multicellular, heterotrophs, reproduce sexually
  • Plants: multicellular, autotrophs, photosynthesize
  • Fungi: multicellular/ unicellular, heterotrophs, saprotrophic nutrition
  • Protists: mostly unicellular, diverse energy sources
  • Bacteria: single-celled, prokaryotic, diverse habitats
• What are the main differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms?

  • Eukaryotic: have a nucleus, larger size, DNA in chromosomes
  • Prokaryotic: no nucleus, smaller size, DNA is loose
• What are the characteristics of fungi?

  • Can be multicellular or unicellular
  • Heterotrophs, cannot photosynthesize
  • Use saprotrophic nutrition
  • Some can be pathogens
• What are the characteristics of viruses?

  • Not considered living organisms
  • Reproduce only inside living cells
  • Have a protein coat and genetic material
  • Always cause harm to hosts