retrieval failure

• What is retrieval failure in memory?

  Forgetting due to lack of necessary cues
• Why does forgetting occur according to retrieval failure?

  Memory exists but can't be retrieved
• What are cues in the context of memory?

  A trigger of information for memory access
• What is the encoding specificity principle?

  Memory is effective when cues match during coding and retrieval
• Who created the encoding specificity principle?

  Tulving
• What leads to forgetting according to the context-dependent forgetting theory?

  No external cues available during recall
• How did Godden and Baddeley demonstrate context-dependent forgetting?

  By using divers and word lists in different locations
• What was found regarding recall in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  Better recall with matching external cues
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  Recall is best when internal cues match
• How did Carter and Cassaday study state-dependent forgetting?

  By using anti-histamines and word lists
• What was the outcome of Carter and Cassaday's study regarding recall?

  Better recall when internal cues matched
• What leads to forgetting according to state-dependent forgetting?

  Lack of internal cues during retrieval
• What are the key concepts of retrieval failure, context-dependent forgetting, and state-dependent forgetting?

  • Retrieval failure: Forgetting due to lack of cues
  • Context-dependent forgetting: Recall improves with matching external cues
  • State-dependent forgetting: Recall improves with matching internal cues