class power and crime

• What ideology suggests corporate crime is less harmful than working-class crime?

  Capitalism
• How does capitalism control the state regarding laws?

  It avoids laws conflicting with its interests
• What does Pearce (1976) argue about corporate crime prosecution?

  It is only the tip of the iceberg
• What illusion does corporate crime prosecution sustain?

  That it is the exception, not the norm
• Who combined Marxism with strain theory?

  Box (1983)
• Why does Box (1983) see corporations as criminogenic?

  Blocked legitimate profit leads to illegal methods
• What happens when companies see weak law enforcement?

  They may sell unsafe products and exploit workers
• What do both strain theory and Marxism over-predict?

  The amount of business crime
• What does Nelken (2012) argue about business behavior?

  Not all businesses offend due to punishment risk
• What does the pursuit of profit explain in corporate crime?

  It does not explain crime in non-profit agencies
• What did Braithwaite (1984) find about law-abiding companies?

  They access lucrative markets by complying
• What do Marxists believe about crime in capitalist society?

  • Crime is inevitable due to capitalism
  • Breeds poverty, competition, and greed
  • Ruling class controls laws to protect interests
  • Criminalizes working class while escaping punishment
• What is the ideological function of the law in capitalism?

  It gives capitalism a caring face
• What do neo-Marxists see crime as?

  A conscious choice with political motives
• What do left realists criticize about critical criminology?

  It ignores the real harm of crime
• Who commits white-collar and corporate crimes?

  High-status individuals and businesses
• Why are white-collar crimes often invisible?

  They are not considered 'real' crime
• What are the explanations of corporate crime offered by sociologists?

  • Differential association
  • Strain theory
  • Labelling theory
  • Marxism
• What does Merton's strain theory suggest about deviance?

  It results from blocked legitimate means to goals
• How does Box (1983) apply strain theory to corporate crime?

  Companies may use illegal methods for profit
• What did Clinard and Yeager (1980) find about corporate crime?

  Law violations increase as financial performance worsens
• Who proposed the concept of differential association?

  Sutherland (1949)
• How does differential association relate to corporate crime?

  Company culture can justify criminal behavior
• What do deviant subcultures offer to their members?

  Deviant solutions to shared problems
• What do Sykes and Matza (1957) argue about neutralization techniques?

  They help justify deviant behavior
• What is the role of labelling theory in crime?

  It defines whether an act is considered a crime
• How do middle-class individuals avoid criminal labels?

  They negotiate non-criminal labels for misbehavior
• What is 'de-labelling' in the context of corporate crime?

  Power to avoid being labeled as criminal
• Why do businesses often avoid criminal labels?

  They can afford legal expertise to avoid it
• What does Clinard and Yeager (1980) criticize about official records?

  They underestimate the extent of corporate crime
• What do Marxists believe about the nature of corporate crime?

  It is a normal function of capitalism
• What is the goal of capitalism according to Marxists?

  To maximize profits
• What is the 'mystification' created by capitalism?

  It obscures the harm caused by corporate crime
• What do high-status professionals abuse according to Carrabine et al (2014)?

  Trust placed in them by society
• What fine did KPMG pay for tax fraud?

  $456 million
• What did Ernst and Young devise that was deemed unacceptable?

  A tax avoidance scheme for wealthy clients
• What fraudulent activity has been seen in the USA regarding health professionals?

  Fraudulent claims to insurance companies
• What notorious crime did GP Harold Shipman commit?

  Murder of 15 patients
• How does Sutherland view white-collar crime compared to street crime?

  It is a greater threat to society
• Why is corporate crime often invisible compared to street crime?

  Media coverage is limited and sanitised