gender

• Are females more likely than males to be released on bail?

  Yes, females are more likely to be released.
• What type of sentences are females more likely to receive compared to males?

  Fines or community sentences
• How do women's prison sentences compare to men's?

  Women receive shorter prison sentences.
• What percentage of female offenders receive a prison sentence for shoplifting?

  One in nine female offenders
• What percentage of male offenders receive a prison sentence for shoplifting?

  One in five male offenders
• What did Roger Hood's study find about women's likelihood of being jailed?

  Women are about one-third less likely to be jailed.
• What evidence exists against the chivalry thesis?

  • Farrington and Morris (1983) found no leniency in sentencing.
  • Box's review concluded women are not treated more favorably.
  • Buckle and Farrington (1984) observed more males shoplifting.
• What did self-report studies reveal about male offending compared to females?

  Males commit more offences than females.
• What percentage of females reported serious sexual assaults to the police in 2012?

  8%
• How many assaults does a woman typically suffer before reporting domestic violence?

  35 assaults
• Why might women appear to be treated more leniently in the criminal justice system?

  Their offences may be less serious.
• What do many feminists argue about the bias of the criminal justice system?

  It is biased against women.
• What did Sharpe's analysis reveal about referrals for support based on sexual activity?

  More girls were referred than boys.
• How do magistrates perceive female defendants according to Stewart (2006)?

  Based on stereotypical gender roles.
• What does Pat Carlen argue about custodial sentences for women?

  Based on court's assessment of their roles.
• What do feminists argue about the treatment of women in rape cases?

  The victim is put on trial, not the defendant.
• What did Adler (1987) find about women lacking respectability in court?

  They struggle to have their testimony believed.
• What are the striking gender differences in recorded crime patterns?

  • Females commit fewer crimes than males.
  • Females commit different types of crimes.
  • Male-dominated criminology neglected female criminality.
• What percentage of convicted offenders in England and Wales are male?

  80%
• What percentage of females have a criminal conviction by age 40?

  9%
• What percentage of males have a criminal conviction by age 40?

  32%
• What types of offences are females more likely to be convicted of?

  Property offences, except burglary.
• What types of offences are males more likely to be convicted of?

  Violence or sexual offences.
• What do statistics suggest about male offenders compared to female offenders?

  Males are more likely to be repeat offenders.
• What is one of the most common crimes committed by women?

  Shoplifting
• What are two arguments that suggest official statistics underestimate female offending?

  • Female crimes are less likely to be reported.
  • Female crimes are less likely to be prosecuted.
• What does the chivalry thesis argue about criminal justice agents?

  They act in a chivalrous way towards women.
• What did Otto Pollak argue about men's attitudes towards women in the justice system?

  Men have a protective attitude towards women.
• What did John Graham and Ben Bowling's research find about male offending?

  The difference in offending is smaller than recorded.
• What did Flood-Page et al (2000) find about self-reported offenders?

  Fewer females were cautioned or prosecuted.
• What are the three main sociological explanations for gender differences in crime?

  1. Sex role theory
  2. Control theory
  3. Liberation thesis
• What does functionalist sex role theory suggest about boys and crime?

  Boys are socialized to be tough and aggressive.
• What role do boys seek in all-male street gangs according to Cohen?

  A source of masculine identity.
• What do New Right theorists argue about lone parent families?

  They lead boys to criminal street gangs.
• What does Sandra Walklate criticize about sex role theory?

  It is based on biological assumptions.
• What do feminists argue about women's patterns of crime?

  • Rooted in patriarchal society.
  • Reflect women's subordinate position.
• What does Heidensohn argue about women's behavior in society?

  It is conformist and less serious than men's.
• What does Heidensohn suggest about the control of women's behavior?

  Patriarchal society imposes greater control.
• What does Walklate criticize about sex role theory?

  Its biological assumptions
• According to Walklate, why are women seen as best suited to the expressive role?

  Because they can bear children