Biology

• What do plants produce through photosynthesis?

  Glucose
• What is the primary function of photosynthesis?

  To convert light energy into chemical energy
• What are the reactants in the overall equation of photosynthesis?

  6CO2 and 6H2O
• What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?

  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• What happens to energy stored in glucose?

  It is released during respiration
• What is a metabolic pathway?

  • A series of small reactions
  • Controlled by enzymes
  • Examples include photosynthesis and respiration
• What is phosphorylation?

  Adding phosphate to a molecule
• What is photophosphorylation?

  Adding phosphate using light energy
• What is photolysis?

  Splitting a molecule using light energy
• What is hydrolysis?

  Splitting a molecule using water
• What is decarboxylation?

  Removal of carbon dioxide from a molecule
• What is dehydrogenation?

  Removal of hydrogen from a molecule
• What are redox reactions?

  Reactions involving oxidation and reduction
• What does OILRIG stand for?

  Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
• What happens when a molecule is reduced?

  It gains electrons
• What happens when a molecule is oxidized?

  It loses electrons
• What is the role of coenzymes in photosynthesis?

  • Aid enzyme function
  • Transfer chemical groups
  • Example: NADP transfers hydrogen
• What is a coenzyme used in photosynthesis?

  NADP
• What does NADP do in photosynthesis?

  Transfers hydrogen to reduce or oxidize molecules
• Where does photosynthesis take place in plant cells?

  In the chloroplasts
• What type of DNA do chloroplasts contain?

  Circular DNA
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  Small, flattened organelles with a double membrane
• What is the chloroplast envelope?

  The double membrane of chloroplasts
• What are thylakoids?

  Fluid-filled stacks in chloroplasts
• How are thylakoids organized in chloroplasts?

  Stacked into grana linked by lamellae
• What pigments are found in chloroplasts?

  Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotene
• What is the function of photosynthetic pigments?

  To absorb light energy
• Where are pigments located in chloroplasts?

  In the thylakoid membrane attached to proteins
• What is a photosystem?

  A protein and pigment complex
• What are the two types of photosynthetic pigments in a photosystem?

  Primary and accessory pigments
• What role do primary pigments play in photosynthesis?

  They are reaction centres for electron excitement
• What is the function of accessory pigments?

  To transfer light energy to reaction centres
• What wavelength does Photosystem 1 (PSI) absorb?

  700 nm
• What wavelength does Photosystem 2 (PSII) absorb?

  680 nm
• What is the stroma in chloroplasts?

  A gel-like substance containing enzymes and sugars
• How are carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis stored?

  As starch grains in the stroma
• What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

  1. Light-dependent reaction

  • Requires light energy
  • Takes place in thylakoid membrane

  1. Light-independent reaction (Calvin cycle)

  • Converts chemical energy to glucose
• What happens during the light-dependent reaction?

  Light energy is converted to chemical energy
• What is produced when light energy is absorbed in the light-dependent reaction?

  ATP and reduced NADP
• What is added to ADP during the light-dependent reaction?

  A phosphate group