Chapter 11

• What is the definition of organic chemistry according to Jons Jacob Berzelius?

  The chemistry of compounds from living systems
• What must organic compounds contain?

  Carbon and a C-H bond
• How many organic compounds are known today?

  About sixteen million
• What are the importance of studying organic chemistry?

  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Developing catalysts
  • Plastics
  • Coatings
  • Cosmetics
  • Central heating
  • Acid-base reactions
• What is a hydrocarbon?

  A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
• What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

  Saturated has single bonds; unsaturated has multiple bonds
• What type of bonds do saturated hydrocarbons have?

  Only single bonds
• What type of bonds do unsaturated hydrocarbons contain?

  Carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
• What is a homologous series in organic chemistry?

  • A family of compounds
  • Similar chemical properties
  • Successive members differ by -CH$_2$ group
• What is the simplest homologous series?

  The alkanes
• What do alkanes contain?

  Single carbon-to-carbon bonds
• What is a functional group?

  The part responsible for chemical properties
• What is the chemical formula for urea?

  CO(NH$_2$)$_2$
• What type of bond is primarily formed by carbon?

  Covalent bond
• What group does carbon belong to in the periodic table?

  Group 4
• How many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell?

  Four electrons
• How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

  Four covalent bonds
• What is the significance of carbon's ability to form multiple bonds?

  It allows for diverse organic compounds
• What are three reasons why carbon forms a large number of compounds?

  Forms four covalent bonds, shares multiple electrons, stable carbon-carbon bonds
• What enables carbon to form graphite and diamond?

  Its ability to form various bonding structures
• What is another homologous series apart from alkanes?

  Alkenes or alkynes
• What are the classifications of hydrocarbons?

  • Aliphatic
  • Alicyclic
  • Aromatic
• How are aliphatic hydrocarbons characterized?

  By unbranched or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
• What are the three homologous series of aliphatic hydrocarbons?

  Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
• What defines alicyclic hydrocarbons?

  Carbon atoms joined in ring structures
• What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

  Contains carbon atoms in a benzene ring
• What is the chemical formula for benzene?

  C₆H₆
• What is a key feature of benzene's structure?

  Continuous pi bonds between carbon atoms
• What is the role of the stem in naming organic compounds?

  • Indicates the number of carbon atoms
  • Forms the base of the compound's name
• What do prefixes and suffixes indicate in organic compound names?

  • Prefix: presence of side chains or functional groups
  • Suffix: indicates functional groups
• What suffix is used for alkanes?

  -ane
• How do you identify the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms?

  By locating the straight or branched chain
• What is the name of the compound with the structure 2,2-dimethylbutane?


  2,2-dimethylbutane
• What is the suffix for naming alkenes?

  -ene
• How do you name an alkene with a double bond at carbon 2?

  Pent-2-ene
• What is the suffix for naming alcohols?

  -ol
• How do you name an alcohol with the functional group on carbon 2?

  Butan-2-ol
• What is the suffix for naming aldehydes?

  -al
• How do you name an aldehyde with three carbons?

  Propanal
• What are the steps for naming compounds with multiple functional groups?

  1. Identify the longest chain of carbons
  2. Identify functional groups and their positions
  3. Combine suffixes, prefixes, and stems in order