Forgetting-Retrieval Failure

• What is retrieval failure according to Tulving?

  Difficulty recalling due to absence of cues
• What does the encoding specificity principle state?

  Cues must be present during learning and recall
• What are mnemonics?

  Tools to help remember information
• What is context-dependent forgetting?

  Forgetting due to different learning and recall contexts
• What did Godden and Baddeley's (1975) study demonstrate?

  Better recall when learning and recall contexts match
• What is state-dependent forgetting?

  Forgetting due to absence of internal cues
• What did Goodwin et al (1969) find about state-dependent forgetting?

  Better recall when drunk during learning and recall
• How can wearing the same perfume during exams help?

  It triggers memory recall through cues
• What is a strength of the retrieval failure theory?

  Supported by various research studies
• How can Abernethy's (1940) suggestion improve recall?

  Mental reinstatement of the learning environment
• What is a limitation of the retrieval failure theory according to Baddeley (1997)?

  Context effects are not very strong in real life
• How did Godden and Badley's (1980) replication affect context-dependent forgetting findings?

  No context-dependent effect in recognition tasks
• What is proactive interference?

  Old information interferes with new information
• How does Martin's mum help him recall information?

  By providing cues like the first letter
• What is the sensory register in the multi-store model of memory?

  Initial stage of memory processing
• What is the capacity of short-term memory?

  Limited, typically 7±2 items
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  About 15-30 seconds
• How is long-term memory coded?

  Primarily semantically
• What is the role of the central executive in the working memory model?

  Controls attention and coordinates information
• What does the phonological loop do in the working memory model?

  Processes auditory information
• What is the function of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

  Stores visual and spatial information
• What does the episodic buffer do in the working memory model?

  Integrates information from different sources
• How do leading questions affect eyewitness testimony?

  They can distort a witness's memory
• What is the effect of post-event discussion on eyewitness testimony?

  It can lead to memory contamination
• How does anxiety affect eyewitness testimony accuracy?

  It can impair memory recall