Cultural variations in attachment

• What is the focus of the study on cultural variations in attachment?

  Differences in attachment types across cultures
• How do child-rearing styles impact attachment types?

  They may influence proportions of attachment types
• Who conducted the classic meta-analysis on cultural differences in attachment?

  Marinus van IJzendoorn
• What are cultural variations in attachment?

  • Differences in norms and values
  • Variations in attachment types across cultures
  • Concerned with proportions of attachment types
• What attachment type was most common in van IJzendoorn's study?

  Secure attachment
• What was the range of secure attachment proportions found in different cultures?

  From 50% to 75%
• What did van IJzendoorn's meta-analysis reveal about variations within countries?

  Little variation across studies within the same country
• What was the secure attachment rate found in a German study?

  90%
• What are the strengths of combining results from different countries in attachment studies?

  • Large sample sizes
  • Increases internal validity
  • Reduces impact of anomalous results
• What is a limitation of van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?

  It compares countries, not cultures
• How did urban and rural settings affect attachment types in Japan?

  Urban settings showed Western-like distributions
• What does "imposed etic" refer to in cross-cultural psychology?

  Applying one culture's theory to another
• Who designed the Strange Situation?

  Mary Ainsworth
• What is the implication of the Strange Situation's design for cultural assessments?

  It may not apply universally across cultures
• What alternative explanation did van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg propose for cultural similarities in attachment?

  Influence of mass media on parenting styles
• What did Kagan et al. (1986) suggest about attachment type?

  It relates more to temperament than attachment
• What was the sample size in van IJzendoorn's meta-analysis?

  Nearly 2000 babies
• What were the findings of the Italian study by Simonella et al. (2014)?

  • 50% secure attachment
  • 36% insecure-avoidant
  • Lower secure attachment than previous studies
  • Linked to mothers working long hours
• What were the findings of the Korean study by Jin et al. (2012)?

  • Similar proportions of secure and insecure attachments
  • Most infants were secure
  • Few avoidant attachments
  • Similar to Japan's attachment distribution
• What conclusion can be drawn about secure attachment across cultures?

  It is the norm in many cultures
• How do cultural practices influence attachment types according to the research?

  They affect the proportions of attachment types