AO3 - Ainsworth

• What is the fourth type of attachment proposed by Main and Solomon?

  Insecure-disorganized (Type D)
• How do infants with insecure-disorganized attachment behave?

  They lack a coherent strategy for separation stress
• Why is Ainsworth’s study considered limited?

  It does not account for all attachment types
• What does inter-rater reliability refer to?

  Consistency of different raters' estimates
• Why is inter-rater reliability important in observational studies?

  Researchers must agree on behavior classifications
• What was the inter-rater reliability rating of Ainsworth’s study?

  94%
• What does a 94% inter-rater reliability rating imply?

  Confidence in correct attachment type identification
• How can understanding attachment types lead to real-world applications?

  It allows for effective interventions to be implemented
• What is the purpose of the Circle of Security project?

  To teach caregivers about infants' distress signals
• What were the results of the Circle of Security project?

  Decrease in disorganized caregivers and increase in secure infants
• How does the study's validity come into question?

  It only tested infants with their mothers
• What did Main and Weston find regarding children's behavior with different parents?

  Children behaved differently depending on the parent
• What does Bowlby’s theory of monotropy suggest about attachment?

  Attachment type relates mainly to one special relationship
• What method did Main use to assess children at age 9?

  Adult attachment interview
• What did Main's findings support regarding attachment type?

  Attachment type is chiefly influenced by the mother
• What did Ainsworth suggest about attachment and maternal sensitivity?

  Attachment is linked to maternal sensitivity
• What did Slade et al. find regarding maternal sensitivity and attachment strength?

  Low correlations between sensitivity and attachment strength
• What is reflective functioning in the context of attachment?

  Understanding what someone else is thinking and feeling
• What does Slade et al. suggest is central to establishing attachment type?

  Maternal reflective thinking rather than sensitivity
• What was the demographic of Ainsworth's original study participants?

  American mothers and children from a white middle class
• Why is the sample in Ainsworth's study considered to have low population validity?

  Results may not generalize to other backgrounds
• Which cultures are considered collectivist?

  China, India, Israel
• Which cultures are considered individualistic?

  United Kingdom, USA, Germany
• What did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg find in their replication of Ainsworth's study?

  Similar percentages of attachment styles were found
• How did the percentage of insecure avoidant attachment vary across cultures?

  Higher in individualistic countries like Germany
• What cultural differences did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg observe in attachment styles?

  Social norms influence attachment styles
• What factors did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg suggest might influence attachment styles within cultures?

  Poverty and education levels
• How many studies did Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg analyze in their meta-analysis?

  32 studies
• How many different countries were included in Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?

  8 different countries
• What are the strengths of Ainsworth's strange situation study?

  • Standardized testing environment
  • Replicable methods
  • Well-controlled research design
  • Results stable across cultures and time
• Why is the standardization of the strange situation important?

  It ensures consistency across participants
• What does it mean that Ainsworth's study is replicable?

  Other researchers can repeat the study easily
• What did the replication of Ainsworth's study by other researchers confirm?

  Results matched Ainsworth's original findings
• What is a weakness of Ainsworth's strange situation regarding cultural bias?

  Sample consisted of white, middle class Americans
• How might cultural differences affect interpretations of attachment styles?

  Behaviors may be misinterpreted by western standards
• What is a potential issue with the ecological validity of the strange situation?

  Controlled setting may not reflect real life
• Why might children appear clingy in the strange situation?

  Controlled conditions may increase stress levels
• What are the weaknesses of Ainsworth's strange situation study?

  • Culturally biased sample
  • Lacks population validity
  • Low ecological validity