schizophrenia

• what is schizophrenia

  its a mental disorder that is commonly diagnosed in men, within cities, and the working class
• what is a positive symptom

  symptoms that are experienced in addition to normal experiences. excess or distortion of normal functions
• what is a negative symptom

  experiences that represent the loss of a usual experience. loss of normal functions
• what are examples of positive symptoms

  delusions

  disorganised speech

  hallucinations
• what are delusions

  bizarre beliefs that seem real to the person, but are not.
• what are hallucinations

  bizarre, unreal perceptions of the environment. can be auditory, visual, olfactory (smelling) or tactile (bugs crawling under skin).
• what are examples of negative symptoms

  affective flattening

  speech poverty/alogia

  avolition
• what is affective flattening

  reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expressions, including facial expressions, body language, tone of voice.
• what is speech poverty/ alogia

  lessening of speech by fluency and productivity. includes producing fewer words in a given time.
• what is avolition

  unable to initiate or persist in goal directed behaviour. no motivation
• what are the two classification systems for mental disorders

  ICD-10 and DSM-5
• what is reliability

  how consistent a finding is
• what is validity

  accuracy, if we are measuring what we intend to measure
• what are the biological explanations for schizophrenia

  genetics

  dopamine hypothesis

  neural correlates
• what is the genetic explanation for SZ

  polygenic meaning there are multiple combinations of different genes involved.
• what is the dopamine hypothesis explanation for SZ

  low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex causes negative symptoms, known as hypodopaminergi.

  high levels of dopamine in subcortex and brocas area causes positive symptoms, known as hyperdopaminergia.
• what is the neural correlates explanation for SZ

  negative symptoms: low levels of activity in ventral striatum region associated with rewards. causes avolition

  positive symptoms: low levels of activity in superior temporal gyrus (processes sound) and anterior cingulate gyrus (processes emotions and behaviour). causes hallucinations of voices