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• What does the A to C economy produce according to the authors?

  Educational triage
• What are the three types of pupils categorized in educational triage?

  • Those with potential
  • Those who will pass anyway
  • Hopeless cases
• What is the purpose of categorizing pupils in schools?

  To help them get on or label them
• What negative outcome can result from the categorization of pupils?

  Clear labelling and negative perceptions
• What drives the pressure on schools regarding league tables?

  The need for good league table results
• What is a pupil subculture?

  A group of pupils sharing similar attitudes
• How do pupil subcultures often develop?

  As a response to categorization in schools
• Who introduced the concepts of affirmation and polarisation?

  Lacey
• What is affirmation in the context of education?

  Teachers categorizing pupils by perceived ability
• What does streaming represent in schools?

  A form of differentiation among pupils
• What happens to pupils placed in high streams?

  They gain high status through academic success
• What is the effect of being placed in low streams?

  Loss of self-esteem and inferior status
• How do pupils in low streams often respond to their situation?

  By inverting the school's values
• What is the relationship between academic performance and subculture formation?

  Academic failure leads to anti-school subcultures
• What characterizes the pro-school subculture?

  • Committed to school values
  • High achievers, often middle-class
  • Gain status through academic success
• What characterizes the anti-school subculture?

  • Formed by low stream pupils
  • Often working-class
  • Invert school values to gain status
• What are the key differences in perceptions between top band and middle band pupils?

  Top band pupils view middle band as:

  • Thick, rough, boring, simple

  
  

  Middle band pupils view top band as:

  • Brainy, unfriendly, stuck-up, arrogant
• What percentage of top band pupils come from working-class homes?

  36%
• What percentage of teachers' time is spent maintaining order in the top band?

  1.5%
• What is the average number of detentions per pupil per year in the middle band?

  3.8
• How many extra-curricular activities are there per class in the top band?

  13
• What percentage of pupils in the middle band dislike school?

  43%