Murmurs

• What causes the first heart sound?

  Closure of the mitral valve
• What causes the second heart sound?

  Closure of aortic valve
• When is mitral stenosis heard?

  Mid-diastole
• How would you describe a mitral stenotic murmur?

  Mid-diastolic rumbling murmur
• What are some cardiac structural changes that can occur in mitral stenosis?

  Left atrial hypertrophy
• What is heard before a mitral stenotic murmur?

  S2
• How would you describe a mitral regurg murmur?

  Pansystolic murmur
• How would you describe an aortic stenotic murmur?

  Ejection systolic murmur
• What are some cardiac structural changes that may occur with aortic stenosis?

  Left ventricular hypertrophy
• How would you describe an aortic regurg murmur?

  Early diastolic murmur, high-pitched and 'blowing' in character