Analgesics

    Cards (157)

    • What is the purpose of drug metabolism?
      To process and eliminate drugs from the body
    • Why is paracetamol limited to 4g per day?
      To prevent potential toxic side effects
    • What defines the bioavailability of a drug?
      The fraction reaching blood circulation after metabolism
    • What is the therapeutic window?
      The range where a drug is effective without toxicity
    • How does the body process drugs?
      Through metabolism in the liver and excretion
    • What are xenobiotics?
      Chemical entities in the blood from outside the body
    • What is the overall aim of drug metabolism?
      To break down drugs into easily excreted metabolites
    • What are the phases of drug metabolism?
      • Phase I: Activation by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis
      • Phase II: Conjugation to form more polar molecules
    • What is the role of CYP450 enzymes?
      They are important for Phase-I drug metabolism
    • What does polymorphism refer to in CYP450 enzymes?
      Different forms of enzymes affecting drug metabolism
    • Why is it important to understand CYP450 interactions?
      They affect metabolic rates and drug concentrations
    • What can inhibit CYP450 activity?
      Different drugs can inhibit CYP450 enzymes
    • What happens when drugs are given together?
      Check how each drug is metabolized
    • Why are older patients at risk with medications?
      They metabolize drugs less efficiently
    • How can drugs be safely given together?
      If they have different metabolic routes
    • What are the learning outcomes of analgesic metabolism?
      • Understand analgesic drug metabolism concepts
      • Learn about CYP450 enzymes and their interactions
      • Recognize the importance of polymorphism in drug metabolism
    • What are the factors affecting CYP450 metabolism?
      • Genetic variation in the population
      • Age differences affecting enzyme efficiency
      • Drug-drug interactions influencing metabolic rates
    • What is the toxic metabolite of paracetamol?
      NAPBQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine)
    • What is the role of glucuronidation in drug metabolism?
      It helps convert drugs into inactive metabolites
    • How does codeine metabolize?
      It converts to morphine and norcodeine
    • What is the significance of CYP450 2D6 and 3A4 in codeine metabolism?
      They are involved in glucuronidation processes
    • How do different drugs affect CYP450 activity?
      They can induce or inhibit enzyme activity
    • What is the impact of genetic variation on drug metabolism?
      It leads to differences in enzyme efficiency
    • Why is care needed when prescribing to older patients?
      They may have reduced drug elimination efficiency
    • What is the main goal of analgesic metabolism?
      To increase water solubility for excretion
    • What are the key points in the metabolism of analgesics?
      • Metabolism involves Phase-I and Phase-II processes
      • Aim is to increase water solubility for elimination
      • Each drug has its own metabolic pathway
    • What should you understand regarding analgesic dosage forms?
      How they improve drug delivery and efficacy
    • What type of pain is treated with lidocaine?
      Acute lower back pain
    • What is an ideal analgesic formulation supposed to be effective against?
      A broad range of pain types
    • What are the steps in the World Health Organization analgesic ladder?
      1. Mild pain: Non-opioids (Aspirin, Paracetamol, NSAIDs)
      2. Moderate to strong pain: Mild opioids with/without non-opioids
      3. Strong to severe pain: Strong opioids with/without non-opioids
    • What types of pain are mentioned in the study material?
      Nociceptive, neuropathic, and psychogenic pain
    • What are the characteristics of an ideal analgesic formulation?
      Rapid onset, controllable duration, and easy administration
    • Why is patient’s culture important in choosing a dosage form?
      It influences acceptance of certain forms
    • What factors influence the choice of analgesic dosage form?
      Patient characteristics, culture, and medical condition
    • What is a disadvantage of solid dosage forms like tablets?
      Poor bioavailability due to unfavorable properties
    • What are the advantages of solid dosage forms?
      Convenient, stable, and accurate dosing
    • What are the disadvantages of capsules as a dosage form?
      Susceptible to moisture and difficult to fill
    • What is a unique feature of modified release capsules?
      They release the drug slowly over hours
    • What is the main advantage of granules as a dosage form?
      Faster dissolution rate than tablets or capsules
    • What is a disadvantage of liquid dosage forms like syrups?
      Risk of deterioration and loss of potency