Programming Languages

• What are programming paradigms?

  Different approaches to using programming languages
• What are the two broad categories of programming paradigms?

  Imperative and declarative

  
• What does the choice of programming paradigm depend on?

  The type of problem that needs solving
• What does imperative programming specify?

  Actions to be performed clearly
• Why is procedural programming widely used?

  It applies to many problems and is easy
• What is a characteristic of procedural programming?

  Uses a sequence of instructions
• How are instructions executed in procedural programming?

  In a step-by-step manner
• What is object-oriented programming (OOP) focused on?

  Reusable components with similar characteristics
• What are the entities in OOP called?

  Objects formed from classes
• What do classes in OOP have?

  Attributes and methods
• What is the purpose of OOP?

  To create reusable and maintainable programs
• What is the focus of declarative programming?

  Stating the desired result
• How does functional programming operate?

  By reusing a set of functions
• What do logic languages define in declarative programming?

  A set of facts and rules
• What is a key advantage of procedural programming?

  Simple to implement for many problems
• What traditional data types do procedural languages use?

  Integers and strings
• What are the four main programming structures in structured programming?

  Sequence, selection, iteration, recursion
• How does sequence control flow work?

  Code is executed line-by-line
• What does selection control flow use?

  IF statements for specific conditions
• What is iteration in programming?

  Executing code a certain number of times
• What is recursion in programming?

  Functions expressed in terms of themselves
• What is assembly language?

  Next level up from machine code
• How is assembly language converted to machine code?

  Using an assembler
• What makes assembly language easier to use than machine code?

  It uses mnemonics instead of binary
• What is the relationship between assembly language and the CPU?

  Commands are processor-specific
• What does each mnemonic in assembly language represent?

  A numeric code

  
• What is the purpose of the opcode in machine code instructions?

  Specifies the instruction to be performed
• What do addressing modes allow in machine code?

  Access to more data storage locations
• What is immediate addressing?

  Operand is the actual value in binary
• What is direct addressing?

  Operand gives the address holding the value
• What is indirect addressing?

  Operand gives address of a register holding another address
• What is indexed addressing?

  Uses an index register to determine address
• What is a class in object-oriented programming?

  A template for an object
• What defines the state of an object in OOP?

  Attributes that give properties
• What is the purpose of a constructor method in OOP?

  To create a new object
• What is encapsulation in OOP?

  Protecting attributes from direct access
• What is a setter in OOP?

  A method that sets an attribute's value
• What is a getter in OOP?

  A method that retrieves an attribute's value
• What is inheritance in OOP?

  A class can inherit from another class
• What is polymorphism in OOP?

  Objects behave differently based on their class