C6, 7, 8

• What is the formula for the rate of reaction?

  Rate of reaction = quantity of products/time
• What is plotted on the x-axis in a rate of reaction graph?

  Time
• What is plotted on the y-axis in a rate of reaction graph?

  Mass of reactant or volume of product
• What factors affect the rates of reaction?

  • Temperature
  • Concentration/Pressure
  • Surface Area
  • Catalysts
• What is collision theory?

  Particles must collide with sufficient energy to react
• What does activation energy refer to?

  The minimum energy required for a reaction to occur
• How does temperature affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher temperature increases energy and collision frequency
• How does concentration affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher concentration increases the frequency of collisions
• How does surface area affect the rate of reaction?

  Higher surface area increases collision frequency
• What is the role of a catalyst in a reaction?

  Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed
• What is the unit for measuring concentration changes?

  mol/dm3
• What is the unit for measuring volume of gas products?

  cm3/s
• What is the unit for measuring mass changes?

  g/s
• What does a steep slope in a reaction graph indicate?

  A faster reaction at the beginning
• What does a flat line in a reaction graph indicate?

  The reaction has stopped
• What happens at equilibrium in a reversible reaction?

  • Both forward and backward reactions occur
  • Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant
  • Position of equilibrium can change with conditions
• What is Le Chatelier's Principle?

  Equilibrium shifts to counteract changes in conditions
• How does temperature affect the position of equilibrium?

  Heat shifts equilibrium to the right, coolness to the left
• What type of system is required to reach equilibrium?

  A closed system
• What is the relationship between endothermic and exothermic reactions at equilibrium?

  If forward is endothermic, backward is exothermic
• What is a hydrocarbon?

  A molecule formed from carbon and hydrogen
• What is the molecular formula for methane?

  $CH_4$
• What is the molecular formula for ethane?

  $C_2H_6$
• What is the molecular formula for propane?

  $C_3H_8$
• What is the molecular formula for butane?

  $C_4H_{10}$
• What is a homologous series?

  A group of compounds with similar properties
• What are isomers?

  Same molecular formula, different structural formula
• What happens to boiling point as alkane size increases?

  Boiling point increases with size
• How does viscosity change with alkane size?

  Viscosity increases with size
• How does flammability change with alkane size?

  Flammability decreases with size
• What is the main use of alkanes?

  Fuel
• What type of reaction is complete combustion?

  Exothermic reaction
• What is complete combustion of hydrocarbons?

  Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• What does it mean for alkanes to be saturated compounds?

  All carbon atoms are fully bonded
• How is crude oil formed?

  From dead animals and plants over millions of years
• What conditions lead to the formation of crude oil?

  High temperature and pressure
• How is crude oil extracted?

  Drilled up from rocks
• What is the temperature gradient in a fractional distillation column?

  Hot at the bottom, cooler at the top
• What happens to oil during fractional distillation?

  Oil is heated until it turns into gas
• What is a petrochemical?

  A substance made from crude oil