coding

• P: some experiments have shown that visual codes are also used in STM

  E: Brandimote found that participants used visual coding in STM if they were given a visual task and prevented from doing any verbal rehearsal in the retention interval before performing a visual recall task. Normally we translate visual images into verbal codes in STM but as verbal rehearsal was prevented, participants used visual codes

  L: this suggests that STM is not exclusively acoustic
• P: in general LTM appears to be semantic but not always

  E: frost showed that long term recall was related to visual as well as semantic categories, and nelson and rothbart found evidence of acoustic coding in LTM

  L: therefore it seems that coding in LTM is not simply semantic but can vary according to circumstances