Bacte lec

• What is the classification of pathogenic bacteria mentioned?

  Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium

  
• What is the morphology of Staphylococcus?

  Gram-positive cocci approx. 1 um
• How do Staphylococcus bacteria appear under a microscope?

  They form irregular clusters resembling grapes
• What type of anaerobes are most Staphylococcus species?

  Majority are facultative anaerobes
• What color do Staphylococcus colonies appear on solid media?

  Porcelain white or yellowish orange
• What does catalase-positive indicate in Staphylococcus?

  It indicates pathogenic potential

  
• Name an important pathogen of Staphylococcus.

  Staphylococcus aureus
• What disease does Staphylococcus intermedius cause?

  Pyoderma in domestic animals
• What is a common disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus in horses?

  Botryomycosis
• What is the significance of coagulase production in Staphylococcus?

  It correlates with pathogenicity
• What are the cultural characteristics of Streptococcus?

  Fastidious, require blood or serum
• What type of hemolysis indicates complete hemolysis in Streptococcus?

  Beta-hemolysis

  
• What is the purpose of Lancefield grouping in Streptococcus diagnosis?

  To classify based on group-specific C-substance

  
• Which Streptococcus species is most common in mastitis?

  1. agalactiae

  
• What does Streptococcus equi cause in horses?

  Strangles, a severe respiratory infection
• What is the treatment for Streptococcus infections?

  Penicillin G, ampicillin
• What is the morphology of Bacillus bacteria?

  Large, gram-positive endospore-forming rods
• What is the most important pathogen in the Bacillus group?

  Bacillus anthracis
• How does Bacillus anthracis survive in the environment?

  Can survive for more than 50 years in soil
• What are the symptoms of Bacillus anthracis infection in animals?

  Edema, shock, hemorrhage
• What is the first vaccine against anthrax made by Pasteur?

  First vaccine was made in 1879
• What is the significance of McFadyean’s Stain in diagnosing Bacillus anthracis?

  Determines the presence of the capsule
• What is the zoonotic disease associated with Bacillus anthracis in humans?

  Cutaneous anthrax or malignant carbuncle
• What is the recommended disposal method for animals that die from anthrax?

  Burned completely or buried deeply
• What is the treatment for Bacillus anthracis infections?

  Very sensitive to Penicillin G
• What are the key characteristics of Staphylococcus bacteria?

  • Gram-positive cocci
  • Form irregular clusters
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Catalase-positive
  • Non-motile
  • Do not form spores
• What are the cultural and biochemical features of Streptococcus?

  • Fastidious, require blood or serum
  • Small, haemolytic translucent colonies
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Catalase-negative
  • Grow well in milk
• What are the types of hemolysis in Streptococcus?

  • Alpha-hemolysis: partial hemolysis, greenish zones
  • Beta-hemolysis: complete hemolysis, clear zones
  • Gamma-hemolysis: non-hemolytic

  
• What are the key features of Bacillus anthracis?

  • Large, gram-positive endospore-forming rods
  • Survives over 50 years in soil
  • Causes anthrax
  • Principal areas of enzootic anthrax
  • Pathogenesis involves spores
• What are the symptoms of Bacillus anthracis infection in animals?

  • Edema
  • Shock
  • Hemorrhage
• What are the treatment options for Bacillus anthracis infections?

  • Penicillin G
  • Ampicillin
  • Alternatives: Cephalosporins, trimethoprim-sulfas
• What are the zoonotic diseases associated with Bacillus anthracis in humans?

  • Cutaneous anthrax
  • Woolsorters’ disease
• What are the disposal methods for animals that die from anthrax?

  • Burned completely
  • Buried deeply in quick lime
• What type of lesions can be examined for Bacillus anthracis?

  Edematous lesions
• What does McFadyean’s Stain help determine?

  The capsule of the organism
• What color does the capsule appear in McFadyean’s Stain?

  Pink
• What is the primary organism associated with Anthrax?

  Bacillus anthracis
• What are some non-specific tests for diagnosing Bacillus anthracis?

  Fluorescent antibody test, Ascoli’s test
• What is a method of animal inoculation used for?

  Diagnosing Bacillus anthracis
• Why can isolation from decomposing carcasses be difficult?

  Due to environmental contamination