science

• What are non-communicable diseases?

  Diseases that cannot be transmitted between individuals
• How can communicable diseases be transmitted?

  Through airborne, direct contact, food/water
• What is a pathogen?

  An organism that causes disease
• What is health defined as?

  The state of physical and mental well-being
• What are the three main chemicals in cigarettes?

  Nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide
• What effect does nicotine have on health?

  It is very addictive and increases heart rate
• How does carbon monoxide affect the body?

  It replaces oxygen in the blood
• What are the effects of tar in cigarettes?

  Contains carcinogens and damages lung cilia
• What diseases can obesity lead to?

  Type 2 diabetes, arthritis, heart attack
• What happens when a person consumes more energy than needed?

  The excess energy is stored as fat
• What is the role of exercise in health?

  Strengthens bones and lowers cholesterol
• How do pathogens spread through direct contact?

  Includes skin-to-skin contact and bodily fluids
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  They are part of the immune system
• What do white blood cells do when pathogens enter the body?

  They ingest microorganisms and produce antibodies
• What is the function of platelets in the blood?

  They form clots to seal cuts
• How does the stomach protect against pathogens?

  It produces strong acids that kill pathogens
• What are the steps in the vaccination process?

  1. Introduce dead/inactive bacteria into the body
  2. White blood cells produce antibodies
  3. Antibodies attack and destroy bacteria
  4. Memory white blood cells remember the antibody
  5. Rapid response to future infections
• What are antibiotics used for?

  To cure bacterial diseases by killing bacteria
• Why is it important to use specific antibiotics?

  To effectively treat specific bacterial infections
• What are the criteria for effective drugs?

  1. Prevent or cure the disease
  2. Safe with no unacceptable side effects
  3. Stable for storage
  4. Successfully reach their target in the body
• What is a compound?

  Two or more elements joined by a chemical bond
• What is the law of conservation of mass?

  The number of atoms must remain constant
• What is fractional distillation used for?

  To separate miscible liquids based on boiling points
• What is a mixture?

  Contains two or more substances not chemically joined
• What is a solution?

  A mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent
• What is the difference between soluble and insoluble substances?

  Soluble substances dissolve, insoluble do not
• What is the purpose of separating mixtures?

  To isolate individual components for use
• What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

  They sweep mucus and trap pathogens
• How do pathogens enter the body?

  Through skin cuts, respiratory system, and food
• What is the function of memory white blood cells?

  They remember the right antibody for future infections
• What is the significance of strong acids in the stomach?

  They kill pathogens ingested with food and drink
• What is the role of platelets in the healing process?

  They form clots to seal wounds
• What is the impact of processed foods on obesity rates?

  They contribute to increased calorie intake
• How does exercise benefit mental health?

  It releases endorphins and reduces stress
• What is the relationship between smoking and lung diseases?

  Smoking causes lung diseases like COPD
• What is the effect of obesity on heart health?

  It increases the risk of heart attacks
• What is the role of the immune system?

  To protect the body from pathogens
• How do vaccines work?

  They stimulate the immune system to recognize pathogens
• What is the importance of specific antibiotics?

  They target specific bacteria effectively
• What is the significance of the law of conservation of mass?

  Mass is neither created nor destroyed in reactions