Transition metals

• What is a transition element?

  An element with a partially full d-shell
• Where are the transition metals located in the periodic table?

  In the middle, part of the d-block
• What are some characteristic physical properties of transition metals?

  Metallic, good conductors, hard, strong
• What are some uses of iron?

  Vehicle bodies, to reinforce concrete
• What are some uses of titanium?

  Jet engine parts
• What are some uses of copper?

  Water pipes
• What are the characteristic chemical properties of transition metals?

  Variable oxidation states, colored compounds, good catalysts
• Define the term complex ion.

  Central metal ion surrounded by ligands
• Which electrons do transition metals lose first when forming ions?

  4s electrons
• Define the term ligand.

  An ion or molecule that donates electrons
• Define mono/unidentate ligands.

  A ligand that forms one co-ordinate bond
• Define bidentate ligand.

  A ligand that forms two co-ordinate bonds
• Define multidentate ligand.

  A ligand that forms three or more bonds
• How many co-ordinate bonds can ethanedioate form?

  2 co-ordinate bonds
• How many co-ordinate bonds can benzene-1,2-diol form?

  2 co-ordinate bonds
• What is the shortened name for ethane-1,2-diamine and how many co-ordinate bonds does it form?

  Shortened name = en, 2 co-ordinate bonds
• How many co-ordinate bonds does EDTA4- form?

  Six
• Define the term coordination number.

  Number of co-ordinate bonds formed to ligands
• What is the Chelate effect?

  Multidentate ligands are favored over monodentate
• Explain the Chelate effect in terms of entropy.

  Increased molecules lead to higher entropy
• What ion is formed when a transition metal compound is dissolved in water?

  Aqua ion with 6 H2O ligands

  
• What shape does a transition metal ion with 2 ligands usually have?

  Linear
• What shape does a transition metal ion with 4 ligands usually have?

  Tetrahedral
• What is an exception to the tetrahedral shape for 4 ligands?

  Platinum is square planar
• What shape is a complex ion with 6 ligands?

  Octahedral

  
• How can complex ions display E-Z or cis-trans isomerism?

  Ligands arranged differently around the metal
• What conditions are needed for optical isomerism in complex ions?

  Octahedral with 2 or more bidentate ligands
• What happens to Co2+, Cu2+, and Fe3+ coordination numbers when Cl- ligands replace NH3 or H2O?

  Decreases from 4 to 6 due to size
• What is haem and its metal ion?

  Haem has an Fe2+ central metal ion
• How does haemoglobin transport oxygen?

  O2 forms a weak bond and is released
• What ligands can replace NH3 or H2O?

  Cl- can replace NH3 or H2O
• How does the size of Cl- compare to NH3 and H2O as ligands?

  Cl- is much larger than NH3 and H2O
• What is haem's central metal ion?

  Fe2+
• What is the coordination number of haem?

  6
• What are the ligands in haem?

  4 bonds to porphyrin, 1 to globin, 1 to O2
• How does haemoglobin transport oxygen?

  O2 forms a weak bond to Fe2+
• What happens to the bond between O2 and haemoglobin at cells?

  The bond breaks and oxygen is released
• Why is carbon monoxide (CO) toxic?

  CO bonds more strongly to Fe2+ than O2
• What effect does CO have on oxygen transport in the body?

  It prevents O2 from bonding to haemoglobin
• Why are transition metal compounds colored?

  They have partially filled d-orbitals