Cards (3)

  • Supporting evidence
    Brunner et al (1993)- The researchers found that all male members of the family carried a rare MAOA gene mutation.
  • Contradictory evidence
    Caspi et al (2002)- They only found high levels of aggression in those with a deficient MAOA gene only if they had also suffered from abuse as children.
  • Issues and debates
    Nature and determinism