lung disease

• What tool is used to measure lung capacity?

  Spirometer
• What does a spirometer measure?

  Lung capacity
• How does a patient use a spirometer?

  Blow out hard through the mouth
• What is tidal volume?

  Volume of air at rest
• What is the typical tidal volume in decimeters cubed?

  0.5 decimeters cubed
• What is vital capacity?

  Maximum air volume inhaled and exhaled
• What is the range of total lung capacity for most people?

  5 to 6 liters
• What is residual volume?

  Air that remains in the lungs
• Why is residual volume important?

  Prevents lung collapse
• What is pulmonary ventilation?

  Total air volume in one minute
• How is pulmonary ventilation calculated?

  Tidal volume times breathing rate
• If tidal volume is $0.5 \text{ dm}^3$ and breathing rate is 12 breaths per minute, what is pulmonary ventilation?


  $6 \text{ dm}^3/\text{min}$
• What lung diseases were previously included in the specification?

  Pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, emphysema
• How does bronchitis affect gas exchange?

  Narrowing of the lumen reduces airflow
• What happens to alveoli in emphysema?

  Alveoli walls break down, reducing surface area
• What is a consequence of pulmonary fibrosis?

  Thickened walls reduce lung expansion
• What is a key point when evaluating data on lung cancer and smoking?

  Correlation does not prove causation
• What should you consider when interpreting lung cancer data?

  Other factors may influence results
• What is the significance of correlation coefficient in data analysis?

  Indicates strength of correlation
• What is the relationship between smoking and lung cancer deaths according to the data?

  Positive correlation exists
• What happens to the concentration gradient in bronchitis?

  It decreases due to narrowed lumen
• What is the effect of air pollution on lung disease?

  It can exacerbate existing conditions
• What is the unit for measuring pulmonary ventilation?

  Decimeters cubed per minute
• Why is it important to understand spirometer data?

  To assess lung function and health
• How does the structure of healthy alveoli differ from those in emphysema?

  Healthy alveoli are numerous and small
• What is the role of inflammation in asthma?

  It narrows the airways, reducing airflow
• What is the purpose of a nose clip during spirometry?

  To prevent air escape through the nose
• What is the significance of tidal volume in lung function?

  Indicates normal breathing efficiency
• How can data on lung cancer deaths be used in public health?

  To inform smoking cessation programs
• What is the impact of smoking on lung health?

  It increases risk of lung diseases
• What is the relationship between lung capacity and exercise?

  Exercise can improve lung capacity
• What is the role of gas exchange in the lungs?

  To transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide
• How does the structure of bronchioles change in asthma?

  They become inflamed and narrowed
• What is the effect of thickened alveolar walls in pulmonary fibrosis?

  Reduces surface area for gas exchange
• What is the primary cause of emphysema?

  Smoking
• How does air pollution contribute to lung disease?

  It can worsen existing lung conditions
• What should be considered when evaluating a student's conclusion about smoking and lung cancer?

  Look for supporting and contradicting evidence
• What is the importance of understanding risk factors for lung disease?

  To prevent and manage lung health issues
• What is the expected outcome of increased smoking?

  Higher lung cancer death rates
• What does a positive correlation indicate in data analysis?

  As one variable increases, so does the other