Psychology: GENDER - sex and gender

• What is sex defined as?

  Biological status male or female
• How is sex determined?

  By chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy
• What chromosomes represent male and female?

  XY = male, XX = female
• What does gender refer to?

  Psychological, social, and cultural status
• How is gender assigned?

  As a social construct, not biological fact
• What influences gender identity?

  It is at least partly environmental
• How can gender be described over time?

  It may be fluid over time or in contexts
• What is gender dysphoria?

  Incompatibility between sex and gender identity
• Can individuals change their genetic sex?

  No, they cannot change their genetic sex
• What is gender reassignment surgery?

  A procedure to change one's gender identity
• What are sex-role stereotypes?

  Shared expectations of behavior for genders
• Why are there no biological reasons for household tasks to apply to one gender?

  There are no obvious biological reasons
• How are sex-role stereotypes transmitted?

  Through media and socialization processes
• What role does operant conditioning play in sex-role stereotypes?

  It reinforces behaviors through rewards and punishments
• What is vicarious reinforcement?

  Learning through observing others' rewards
• How does social learning theory relate to sex-role stereotypes?

  It involves imitation and same-sex identification
• What is a potential biological basis for sex-role stereotypes?

  Physical strength differences on average
• What can lead to sexist assumptions and gender inequality?

  Sex-role stereotypes and their implications
• What is a common sexist assumption about leadership?

  Men make better leaders
• What is a common stereotype about childcare roles?

  Women should do most/all of the childcare