memory

• What does coding refer to in memory?

  Format or type of stored information
• What type of coding is used in short-term memory?

  Acoustic coding
• What type of coding is used in long-term memory?

  Semantic coding
• Who demonstrated the differences in memory coding?

  Baddeley
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  7 +/- 2 items
• What is the capacity of long-term memory?

  Unlimited
• What does chunking refer to in memory?

  Grouping information to aid recall
• What was the mean letter span found by Jacobs?

  7.3 letters
• What was the mean digit span found by Jacobs?

  9.3 digits
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  18-30 seconds
• Who demonstrated the duration of short-term memory?

  Petersen et al
• What did Petersen et al find about recall accuracy?

  Decreased with increasing retention intervals
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  Unlimited
• Who found that photo recognition decreases over time?

  Bahrick et al
• What did Bahrick et al find about recognition over time?

  Decreased from 90% to 70% over years
• What are the key issues with Jacobs' research?

  • Lack of standardization
  • Poor scientific methods
  • Potential confounding variables
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al's study?

  • Use of meaningful stimuli
  • High ecological validity
  • Reflects real-life learning experiences
• What are the key issues with Petersen et al and Miller et al studies?

  • Low mundane realism
  • Use of artificial stimuli
  • Limited generalizability
• What did recent research suggest about Miller's capacity estimate?

  STM capacity is closer to 4 chunks
• What does the multi-store memory model (MSM) represent?

  How memory is stored and retrieved
• What are the three stores in the MSM?

  Sensory register, STM, LTM
• What is the capacity and duration of the sensory register?

  Huge capacity, less than half a second
• What must occur for information to pass from sensory register to STM?

  Attention must be paid to it
• How is STM encoded according to Baddeley?

  Acoustically encoded
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Repeating information to keep it in STM
• What happens if there is a lack of maintenance rehearsal?

  Causes forgetting of information
• What is the retrieval process in LTM?

  Transferring information back to STM
• What are the different types of long-term memory?

  • Procedural memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
• What is episodic memory?

  Memories with personal meaning and details
• What is semantic memory?

  Memories of world knowledge and concepts
• What is procedural memory?

  Memories of learned skills
• How are episodic and semantic memories recalled?

  Consciously recalled
• How are procedural memories recalled?

  Unconsciously recalled
• What did Petersen et al find about memory recall locations?

  Semantic from left, episodic from right
• What is a practical application of differentiating types of LTM?

  • Targeted treatments for cognitive impairments
  • Understanding memory disorders
  • Improving educational strategies
• What distinction did Cohen and Squire make in memory types?

  Declarative and non-declarative memories
• What are declarative memories?

  Consciously recalled memories
• What are non-declarative memories?

  Unconsciously recalled memories
• What do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing demonstrate?

  Different types of LTM can be affected
• What type of memory was unaffected in Clive Wearing?

  Procedural memory