Only counted in the National Census and allowed to vote since 1967
From 1976, some land rights have been granted
Feel under-represented in politics and business
Life expectancy is 10 years less than White Australians
How have they been discriminated against?
Australia's Racial Discrimination Act
The Australian Newspaper - offensive cartoon
Historical Oppression - forced removals (Stolen Generations), loss of land, exclusion from citizenship, and segregation
Systemic Inequality – higher incarceration rates, poorer health outcomes, economic disadvantages, and ongoing racism
Land & Rights Struggles – discrimination and socio-economic challenges persist despite recent advances
How has this led to poorer health and education?
Forced displacement, discrimination in healthcare, and poverty have led to higher rates of chronic illness, mental health issues, and lower life expectancy
Historical exclusion from schools, intergenerational trauma, and socio-economic disadvantage have contributed to lower school attendance, literacy rates, and opportunities for higher education
Statistics
Average life expectancy is 10 years less than White Australians
Highest level of drug and alcohol abuse
2011 - 43.8% in remote areas, 2.2% of non-indigenous