Marxists

• Who described education as part of the ideological state apparatus?

  Louis Althusser
• What is the role of education according to Althusser?

  To spread bourgeois ideology and false consciousness
• How does education prevent revolution according to Althusser?

  By maintaining false class consciousness among workers
• What are the two types of curriculum mentioned by Althusser?

  Formal and hidden curriculum
• According to Althusser, who benefits from the values taught in education?

  The bourgeoisie
• What is the correspondence principle theory proposed by Bowles and Gintis?

  School mirrors work to prepare for exploitation
• What year did Bowles and Gintis publish their theory?

  1976
• What aspect of school corresponds with workplace hierarchy?

  From head teacher down to pupils
• How are rewards and sanctions similar in school and work?

  Both reward compliant behavior and impose penalties
• What qualities do schools train students to be?

  Passive, docile, and deferent
• What motivates students in school according to the correspondence theory?

  Extrinsic rewards like qualifications
• How is education fragmented according to Bowles and Gintis?

  School is divided into distinct lessons
• What is a criticism of the correspondence theory?

  Workplaces and schools have changed significantly
• What did Paul Willis study in 1977?

  A case study of Midlands school boys
• What did Willis's subjects form in school?

  An anti-school subculture
• How did "the lads" view educational success?

  They did not value it
• How does Willis's view differ from Bowles and Gintis?

  School taught coping mechanisms, not passivity
• What does Willis's study suggest about social class inequality?

  Education reproduces social class inequality
• Who introduced the concept of cultural capital?

  Pierre Bourdieu
• What do cultural assets provide according to Bourdieu?

  Power to individuals
• How do middle-class pupils benefit from cultural capital?

  They have assets that help them succeed
• What is habitus according to Bourdieu?

  The culture or worldview of a social class
• How do middle-class teachers relate to middle-class pupils?

  They find it easier to relate to them
• What language code do teachers and middle-class pupils use?

  The elaborate language code
• What language code do working-class pupils typically use?

  The restricted language code
• How does the language code affect understanding in education?

  Middle-class pupils understand lessons better
• What is a criticism of Marxist views on education?

  Many educators do not spread capitalist ideology
• What trend is seen among teachers in education?

  More working-class teachers are emerging
• What evidence exists regarding social mobility and education?

  Evidence shows both mobility and immobility
• What are the main concepts of the correspondence principle theory?

  • Hierarchy in schools mirrors workplaces
  • Rewards and sanctions are similar
  • Schools train students to be passive and docile
  • Education is fragmented like work tasks
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of Marxist views on education?

  Strengths:

  • Highlights class inequalities in education
  • Explains the role of ideology in education

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Many educators oppose capitalist ideology
  • Evidence of social mobility exists
  • Changes in education and workplaces are significant