Topic B3- Infection and response

• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• What type of diseases do pathogens cause?

  Communicable (infectious) diseases
• Can both plants and animals be infected by pathogens?

  Yes, both can be infected
• What are the four main types of pathogens?

  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Protozoa
  • Fungi
• How can pathogens be spread through water?

  By drinking or bathing in dirty water
• How can pathogens be spread through air?

  By being carried in the air and breathed in
• How can pathogens be spread through direct contact?

  By touching contaminated surfaces
• What are some ways to reduce or prevent the spread of disease?

  • Practicing good hygiene
  • Destroying disease vectors
  • Isolating infected individuals
  • Vaccinations
• Why is it important for chefs to wash their hands before cooking?

  To prevent spreading pathogens onto food
• What do bacteria do inside the body?

  Reproduce rapidly and produce toxins
• What symptoms are caused by Salmonella bacteria?

  Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea
• How can Salmonella food poisoning be contracted?

  By eating infected food or unclean food
• What is gonorrhoea?

  A sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria
• What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

  Pain during urination and discharge
• Why is gonorrhoea harder to treat now?

  New strains are resistant to penicillin
• How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented?

  Using barrier methods and treating with antibiotics
• What is the main characteristic of viruses?

  They are not cells and are much smaller
• How do viruses reproduce inside the body?

  By invading cells and making copies
• What happens to cells infected by viruses?

  They usually burst, releasing new viruses
• What is measles?

  A viral disease spread by droplets
• What are the symptoms of measles?

  Red rash and fever
• Why are most people vaccinated against measles?

  To prevent serious complications and death
• How is HIV spread?

  By sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids
• What are the initial symptoms of HIV?

  Flu-like symptoms for a few weeks
• What happens if HIV is not controlled?

  It attacks the immune cells, leading to AIDS
• What is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)?

  A virus affecting many plant species
• What symptoms does TMV cause in plants?

  Discolored leaves with a mosaic pattern
• How does TMV affect photosynthesis?

  Reduces chlorophyll, limiting photosynthesis
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal disease affecting rose plants
• What symptoms does rose black spot cause?

  Purple or black spots on leaves
• How can rose black spot be treated?

  Using fungicides and removing affected leaves
• What type of pathogen causes malaria?

  A protist
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes that act as vectors
• What are the symptoms of malaria?

  Repeating episodes of fever
• How can the spread of malaria be reduced?

  By stopping mosquitoes from breeding
• How can people protect themselves from mosquito bites?

  By using mosquito nets
• What are the human body's defenses against pathogens?

  • Skin: blocks pathogens and releases substances
  • Hairs: trap particles
  • Mucus: traps particles in respiratory system
  • Cilia: move mucus to throat
  • Stomach acid: kills pathogens
• What is phagocytosis?

  Engulfing and digesting pathogens by white blood cells
• What are antigens?

  Unique molecules on the surface of pathogens
• What do antibodies do?

  Lock onto invading pathogens to neutralize them