The cognitive approach

• What is a phone essentially described as?

  A portable computer
• What are the inputs of a phone compared to human inputs?

  Camera and microphone; eyes and ears
• What are the outputs of a phone compared to human outputs?

  Screen and speakers; body and voice
• What is the CPU in a phone?

  Central processing unit
• What is the equivalent of a phone's CPU in humans?

  The brain
• If you were asked to show the YouTube part of a phone after smashing it, what would you likely think?

  The question is insane
• How are YouTube and other apps described in relation to phones?

  They are programs, not physical things
• What do cognitive psychologists study?

  Internal mental processes
• What are common areas of research for cognitive psychologists?

  Attention, perception, and memory
• Why is memory a focus in cognitive psychology?

  It is a unit of study at A level
• How do cognitive psychologists conduct research?

  Through highly controlled experiments
• What is the benefit of conducting cognitive research in a lab setting?

  It ensures high internal validity
• What is a limitation of studying internal mental processes?

  They cannot be directly observed
• What is the problem with making inferences in cognitive psychology?

  Inferences can be mistaken guesses
• What can be inferred from observing participants recalling digits?

  Short-term memory capacity is about seven items
• Who conducted classic research on short-term memory capacity?

  Miller
• What is a schema?

  A mental framework of knowledge
• How do schemas help us navigate the world?

  They simplify information processing
• What happens if we lack schemas in a familiar environment?

  We feel overwhelmed by sensory information
• How do schemas allow us to predict future events?

  They are based on previous experiences
• What is a problem with schemas in eyewitness testimony?

  They can lead to inaccurate recall
• What did Loftus find about eyewitness testimony?

  Leading questions alter memory recall
• What is the negative triad in cognitive psychology?

  Negative schemas about self, world, and future
• What is the computer model in cognitive psychology?

  It compares the brain to a computer
• What is machine reductionism?

  Criticism of oversimplifying the human mind
• What are theoretical models in cognitive psychology?

  Flowchart representations of mental processes
• What does the multi-store model of memory describe?

  How information passes through memory stages
• What is cognitive neuroscience?

  Study of brain structures and mental processes
• What techniques allow researchers to observe brain activity?

  PET and fMRI scanners
• What did Tan's case reveal about brain function?

  Broca's area is crucial for speech production
• What did Tulving's PET research show?

  Different brain regions activate for memory types
• What is a limitation of cognitive psychology's research methods?

  Studies often lack real-life applicability
• How has cognitive psychology influenced therapy?

  Led to the development of CBT
• What is soft determinism in cognitive psychology?

  Behavior has causes but allows for choice
• How does CBT empower clients?

  Gives tools to change thinking patterns
• What is the role of schemas in cognitive psychology?

  They help process and categorize information
• What is the significance of cognitive neuroscience in psychology?

  It provides biological evidence for cognitive theories
• What is the relationship between cognitive and biological processes?

  Cognitive neuroscience studies their interaction
• How does cognitive psychology address the free will vs determinism debate?

  It supports soft determinism with some control
• What is the impact of schemas on memory recall?

  They can lead to inaccuracies in recall