Perry et al. (personal space)

• What is the term for the distance between two people?

  Interpersonal distance
• How does interpersonal distance vary among individuals?

  It varies by relationship, culture, and personal factors
• What happens when someone enters another's personal space?

  The person may feel uncomfortable or threatened
• What are the four zones of interpersonal distance identified by Hall?

  Intimate, personal, social, and public distance
• What is empathy?

  The ability to understand others' feelings
• What are the two dimensions of empathy?

  Cognitive and affective empathy
• What does cognitive empathy involve?

  Determining another person's emotional state
• What does affective empathy involve?

  Feeling the same emotional state as another
• How does a person's level of empathy affect social interactions?

  It affects processing social cues and emotional responses
• What role does oxytocin play in social behavior?

  It promotes social bonding and prosocial behaviors
• In what contexts can oxytocin lead to negative feelings?

  Envy, risk aversion, and hostility towards strangers
• What did Scheele et al. (2012) find regarding oxytocin and interpersonal distance?

  Oxytocin increased preferred distance from attractive females
• What was the aim of Perry et al.'s research?

  To investigate oxytocin's effect on interpersonal distance
• How does the amygdala relate to interpersonal distance?

  Lesions reduce the need for interpersonal distance
• What happens to amygdala activity when discomfort with close distance increases?

  Amygdala activity levels increase
• What is the social salience hypothesis?

  Oxytocin increases attention to social cues
• How might social salience affect individuals differently?

  It can make one feel relaxed and another stressed
• What are the key components of Perry et al.'s study design?

  • Two experiments conducted
  • Independent and repeated measures design
  • Participants received oxytocin or placebo
  • Participants categorized by empathy level
• How was empathy operationalized in the study?

  Using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI)
• How many participants were in the high empathy group?

  20 participants
• What was the second experiment's task called?

  Choosing rooms
• What was the sample size in Perry et al.'s study?

  56 male undergraduates
• What was the procedure for oxytocin administration?

  Participants self-administered nasal drops
• How long did participants wait after oxytocin administration?

  45 minutes
• What was the purpose of the CID paradigm?

  To measure preferred interpersonal distance
• How was interpersonal distance calculated in the CID paradigm?

  As a percentage of distance remaining
• What was the control condition in Experiment 2?

  Positioning of table and plant
• How many trials were conducted in Experiment 1?

  96 trials
• What was the main focus of Perry et al.'s research?

  The effect of oxytocin on interpersonal distance
• What are the independent and dependent variables in Perry et al.'s study?

  Independent Variables:

  • Treatment: oxytocin or placebo
  • Empathy: high or low
  • Condition: stranger, authority, friend, or ball

  
  

  Dependent Variables:

  • Preferred interpersonal distance
  • Mean average preferred distance and angle in Experiment 2
• What were participants told about the meeting in the study?

  They would discuss personal topics in a room
• How was the room layout presented to participants?

  Through still colour images of pairs of rooms
• How many pairs of rooms were shown to participants?

  168 pairs
• What was the distance participants sat from the computer screen?

  60 cm
• How long were participants shown each pair of rooms?

  Two seconds
• What did participants have to do between each pair of rooms?

  Fixate on a point for 0.5 seconds
• What were the experimental conditions in the study?

  Distance between chairs and angle of chairs
• What were the control conditions in the study?

  Distance and angle of table and plant
• How did oxytocin affect the preferred mean distance in the high empathy group?

  It decreased the preferred mean distance
• What was the preferred mean distance for the high empathy group under placebo?

  26.11 percent