Inheritance, evolution and variation

• What do mitochondria do in eukaryotic cells?

  They produce energy for the cell.
• What does DNA stand for?

  Deoxyribonucleic acid
• What is the role of genes in reproduction?

  They pass on characteristics to offspring.
• What shape does the DNA molecule resemble?

  A twisted ladder
• What is the term for the spiral shape of DNA?

  Double helix
• What are the two types of reproduction?

  • Sexual reproduction: involves two parents and gametes.
  • Asexual reproduction: involves one parent and produces clones.
• What are gametes?

  Sex cells like sperm and egg
• How many chromosomes do gametes contain?

  23 chromosomes
• What is the result of asexual reproduction?

  Identical offspring or clones
• What is the purpose of meiosis?

  To produce gametes with half chromosomes
• What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

  • Mitosis:
  • Produces 2 identical cells
  • Used for growth and repair
  • Occurs in body cells
  • Meiosis:
  • Produces 4 genetically different cells
  • Used for gamete formation
  • Occurs in reproductive organs
• How many chromosomes do humans have?

  46 chromosomes
• What is the significance of haploid and diploid cells?

  Haploid has half, diploid has double chromosomes
• What happens during the cell cycle?

  The cell grows, duplicates, and divides
• What is the function of DNA?

  To control characteristics through genes
• What is a gene?

  A section of DNA that controls traits
• What is the human genome?

  All the DNA of a human
• What is the role of chromosomes?

  To carry genetic information
• What is the structure of DNA?

  Made of two strands with base pairs
• What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?

  Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
• How do base pairs in DNA bond?

  T pairs with A, C pairs with G
• What is the purpose of sequencing a genome?

  To understand genetics and disease links
• What is a polymer?

  A large molecule made of repeating units
• What are nucleotides made of?

  Phosphate group, ribose, nitrogenous base
• What is the significance of hydrogen bonds in DNA?

  They hold the base pairs together
• What is the ethical concern regarding genome sequencing?

  Potential misuse of genetic information
• What is the role of proteins in the body?

  They perform various functions in cells
• What is the relationship between genes and proteins?

  Genes code for proteins in the body
• What is the function of antibodies?

  To fight infections in the body
• What is the role of enzymes?

  To speed up chemical reactions in cells
• What is the significance of genetic variation?

  It increases the chance of survival
• How does natural selection relate to genetic variation?

  It favors traits that enhance survival
• What is the impact of selective breeding?

  It enhances desirable traits in organisms
• What is the role of gametes in reproduction?

  They fuse to form a zygote
• What is the significance of the zygote?

  It develops into an embryo
• What is the function of the pancreas in glucose regulation?

  It releases insulin to lower blood glucose
• What is the effect of statins?

  They lower cholesterol levels in the blood
• What is the significance of the cell cycle?

  It regulates cell growth and division
• What is the role of ribose in nucleotides?

  It forms part of the nucleotide structure
• What is the relationship between DNA and the genome?

  The genome is the complete set of DNA