A03

• What is one limitation of Johnson and Scott's study?

  It may not have tested anxiety
• Why might participants focus on the weapon in Johnson and Scott's study?

  They were surprised rather than scared
• What items did Kerri Pickel use in her experiment?

  Scissors, handgun, wallet, raw chicken
• What was the result of Pickel's experiment regarding eyewitness accuracy?

  Accuracy was poorer in high unusualness conditions
• What does the weapon focus effect suggest about anxiety and EWT?

  It suggests unusualness affects EWT, not anxiety
• What evidence supports the negative effects of anxiety on recall?

  The study by Valentine and Mesout
• How did Valentine and Mesout measure anxiety in their study?

  By using heart rate as an objective measure
• What was the effect of anxiety on recall in Valentine and Mesout's study?

  Anxiety disrupted recall of details
• What did Christianson and Hübinette find regarding witnesses' recall accuracy?

  Recall was over 75% accurate across witnesses
• Who were the most anxious witnesses in Christianson and Hübinette's study?

  The direct victims of the bank robbery
• What do the findings from Christianson and Hübinette suggest about anxiety and recall?

  Anxiety may enhance recall accuracy
• What is a counterpoint to Christianson and Hübinette's findings?

  They had no control over confounding variables
• Why might the effects of anxiety be invalidated in Christianson and Hübinette's study?

  Due to post-event discussions affecting recall
• What time frame did Christianson and Hübinette interview their participants after the event?

  Four to 15 months after the event
• What is a potential issue with the timing of Christianson and Hübinette's interviews?

  It may have affected the accuracy of recall