cultural variations

• How do child-rearing practices vary across cultures?

  They differ significantly between countries and cultures
• What was the purpose of the research on attachment types in the strange situation?

  To see if cultural differences impact attachment types
• What were the percentages of attachment types in the original strange situation?

  • Secure: 70%
  • Insecure-avoidant: 15%
  • Insecure-resistant: 15%
• How many studies were included in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's meta-analysis?

  32 studies
• How many children were involved in Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?

  Over 1,990 children
• What were the findings of Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research regarding attachment types by country?


  • USA: Secure 65%, Insecure-avoidant 21%, Insecure-resistant 14%
  • UK: Secure 75%, Insecure-avoidant 22%, Insecure-resistant 3%
  • Holland: Secure 67%, Insecure-avoidant 26%, Insecure-resistant 7%
  • Germany: Secure 57%, Insecure-avoidant 15%, Insecure-resistant 8%
  • Japan: Secure 68%, Insecure-avoidant 5%, Insecure-resistant 27%
  • China: Secure 50%, Insecure-avoidant 25%, Insecure-resistant 25%
  • Israel: Secure 64%, Insecure-avoidant 7%, Insecure-resistant 29%
  • Sweden: Secure 74%, Insecure-avoidant 22%, Insecure-resistant 4%
• What is a meta-analysis?

  Combining previous research to find overall effects
• Which country had the highest rates of secure attachment?

  UK
• Which country had the highest rates of insecure-avoidant attachment?

  Germany
• Which country had the highest rates of insecure-resistant attachment?

  Israel
• How do individualist and collectivist cultures differ in child-rearing practices?

  • Individualist cultures value independence and achievement
  • Collectivist cultures value family and shared goals
• How does Germany's child-rearing style explain avoidant attachments?

  Children are used to being left alone
• How do Israel and Japan's child-rearing styles explain resistant attachments?

  Children are rarely separated from mothers
• What was the sample size in Simonelli's study in Italy?

  76 babies
• What were the findings of Simonelli's study regarding attachment types?

  • Secure: 50%
  • Insecure-avoidant: 36%
  • Insecure-resistant: 14%
• What reasons did researchers give for higher rates of avoidant attachments in Italy?

  Women returned to work after dictatorship
• What do the findings suggest about patterns of attachment?

  • Patterns of attachment change with cultural shifts
• How many babies did Jin assess in Korea?

  87 babies
• What were the findings of Jin's study in Korea?

  • Most babies were secure
  • More babies were considered resistant
  • Least common attachment type was avoidant
• How are child-rearing practices in Korea and Japan similar?

  • Both cultures have similar child-rearing practices