psychodynamic approach

• Who is the founder of psychoanalysis?

  Sigmund Freud
• What does the psychodynamic approach focus on?

  Unconscious forces shaping behavior
• What is the primary influence on adult behavior according to psychodynamic psychologists?

  Parental treatment in childhood
• How does Freud describe the conscious mind?

  As the 'tip of the iceberg'
• What does the unconscious mind contain?

  Biological drives and repressed memories
• What are 'Freudian slips'?

  Slips of the tongue revealing unconscious thoughts
• What are the three parts of personality according to Freud?

  • Id: Primitive, pleasure-seeking part
  • Ego: Reality mediator between Id and Superego
  • Superego: Internalized moral standards
• What principle does the Id operate on?

  The pleasure principle
• What is the role of the Ego?

  Mediates between Id and Superego
• At what age does the Ego develop?

  Around age 2
• What does the Superego represent?

  Internalized sense of right and wrong
• At what age is the Superego formed?

  Around age 5
• What are the defense mechanisms according to Freud?

  • Repression: Forcing distressing memories away
  • Denial: Refusing to accept reality
  • Displacement: Transferring emotions to a substitute target
• What are the five psychosexual stages of development according to Freud?

  1. Oral stage (0-1 years)
  2. Anal stage (1-3 years)
  3. Phallic stage (3-5 years)
  4. Latency stage (6-puberty)
  5. Genital stage (from puberty)
• What can unresolved conflicts in psychosexual stages lead to?

  Fixation at that stage
• What is the focus of pleasure in the Oral stage?

  Oral activities like sucking
• What can result from too little oral stimulation during the Oral stage?

  Oral fixation in adulthood
• What is the focus of pleasure in the Anal stage?

  Withholding and expelling feces
• What personality type results from harsh potty training?

  Anal-retentive personality
• What personality type results from liberal potty training?

  Anal-expulsive personality
• What complex do boys experience during the Phallic stage?

  The Oedipus complex
• What do girls experience during the Phallic stage?

  Penis envy
• What happens during the Latency stage?

  Sexual impulses are repressed
• What is the focus of the Genital stage?

  Conscious sexual desires
• What can fixation in earlier stages lead to?

  Difficulty forming sexual relationships
• What is the focus of pleasure during the anal stage?

  Focus is on the anus
• What can result from early or harsh potty training?

  Anal-retentive personality traits
• What characterizes an anal-retentive personality?

  Obsessively tidy and punctual
• What is the outcome of overly liberal potty training?

  Anal-expulsive personality traits
• What age range does the phallic stage cover?

  3-5 years
• What complex do boys experience during the phallic stage?

  Oedipus complex
• What complex do girls experience during the phallic stage?

  Electra complex
• What feelings do boys develop towards their mothers during the Oedipus complex?

  Sexual feelings
• What do girls experience as a result of penis envy?

  Blame mothers for castration anxiety
• What is the outcome of fixation in earlier psychosexual stages?

  Difficulty forming sexual relationships
• Who is the case study that supports the Oedipus complex?

  Little Hans
• What phobia did Little Hans develop?

  Severe phobia of horses
• What did Freud suggest about Hans' phobia?

  It was an example of displacement
• What did the noseband symbolize in Hans' phobia?

  His father's moustache
• What did the blinkers symbolize in Hans' phobia?

  His father's glasses