Misleading information

• What does EWT stand for?

  Eyewitness Testimony
• What is the definition of EWT?

  The ability to remember observed event details
• What factors could affect the accuracy of EWT?

  Leading questions and post-event discussion
• How can leading questions impact EWT accuracy?

  They can alter the witness's memory recall
• What was the critical question in Loftus & Palmer's study?

  About how fast were the cars going?
• What verbs were used in Loftus & Palmer's critical question?

  • Hit
  • Contacted
  • Bumped
  • Collided
  • Smashed
• What was the mean speed estimate for the verb "smashed"?

  40.5 mph
• What does the substitution explanation suggest?

  Wording influences reporting of details
• What is memory contamination?

  Alteration of memory due to external information
• What is memory conformity?

  Adopting others' memories as one's own
• What do memory contamination and memory conformity suggest about EWT?

  They indicate memory can be influenced by others
• What were the findings of Loftus & Palmer's study regarding speed estimates?

  • Contacted: 31.8 mph
  • Hit: 34.0 mph
  • Bumped: 38.1 mph
  • Collided: 39.3 mph
  • Smashed: 40.5 mph
• What is the main finding of Loftus (1975) regarding leading questions?

  They distort memory in police interviews
• How do the consequences of experiments differ from real life according to Foster et al (1994)?

  Consequences in experiments differ from real life EWT
• What issue do Zaregoza & McCloskey (1989) raise about lab experiments?

  They question demand characteristics in lab experiments
• What did Sutherland & Hayne (2001) find about central features of events?

  They are resistant to misleading information
• What evidence did Skagerberg & Wright (2008) provide?

  Evidence for memory contamination
• What is the definition of EWT?

  Eyewitness testimony
• What was the focus of Loftus and Palmer's research?

  The impact of leading questions on memory
• What does researcher bias explanation refer to?

  Influence of researchers on study outcomes
• What is the substitution explanation in memory?

  Misleading information replaces original memory
• What did Gabbert et al's research focus on?

  Memory conformity in eyewitness testimony
• What is memory contamination?

  When memories are altered by misleading information
• What does memory conformity refer to?

  When individuals' memories align with others' memories
• What is the focus of research into misleading information?

  Its real-world applications in police interviews
• What is a weakness of research into misleading information?

  Consequences in experiments differ from real life
• What is a demand characteristic in lab experiments?

  Participants alter behavior based on perceived expectations
• What is eye witness testimony?

  Individuals' ability to remember observed events
• What was the aim of Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study?

  To understand how leading questions affect accuracy
• How many participants were involved in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  45 student participants
• What did participants watch in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Car crashing clips
• What was the critical question in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  It varied with different verbs used
• What did the findings of Loftus and Palmer's study indicate?

  More descriptive verbs led to higher speed estimates
• What is the researcher bias explanation in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Wording influences how participants decide to answer
• What is the substitution explanation in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  Leading questions lead to a desired answer
• What was the focus of Gabbert et al.'s study?

  Post-event discussion among participants
• What did participants in Gabbert et al.'s study watch?

  A video of the same crime from different views
• What percentage of participants in Gabbert et al.'s study made mistakes?

  71% mistakenly recalled details
• What was the control group's performance in Gabbert et al.'s study?

  They made no mistakes in recall
• What are the conclusions from Gabbert et al.'s study regarding memory contamination and conformity?

  • Memory contamination occurs when co-witnesses discuss events, distorting testimony.
  • Memory conformity is when individuals align with the majority's accurate account.