Infection and Response

• What are communicable diseases caused by?

  Pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi, or protists
• How do pathogens reproduce in the body?

  They reproduce in your body and cause damage
• What is a virus composed of?

  A protein casing surrounding genetic code
• How do viruses replicate within a host cell?

  They inject genetic code into a cell
• What happens to a cell after it produces more copies of a virus?

  The cell explodes, releasing more viruses
• What disease does the measles virus cause?

  A rash and can be deadly
• How is measles spread?

  By droplets from sneezes or coughs
• What does HIV stand for?

  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• What does HIV compromise?

  Your immune system
• What is another name for HIV?

  AIDS
• How can HIV be spread?

  By sharing needles or sexual contact
• What do bacteria release that damages body cells?

  Toxins
• What does gonorrhea cause?

  A yellow discharge from the genitalia
• What is malaria caused by?

  A protist that burrows into red blood cells
• How is malaria spread?

  By mosquitoes
• What is a vector in disease transmission?

  An organism that spreads disease
• What is rose black spot?

  A fungal infection in plants
• What do fungicides do?

  Treat fungal infections in plants
• What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

  Plants by discoloring leaves
• How does the tobacco mosaic virus affect photosynthesis?

  It inhibits chlorophyll production
• What is the first barrier of the immune system?

  Skin
• How do mucus and enzymes protect the body?

  They trap and destroy pathogens
• What are lymphocytes?

  A type of white blood cell
• What do lymphocytes produce to combat pathogens?

  Antitoxins and antibodies
• How do antibodies function against pathogens?

  They stick to antigens and neutralize them
• What happens if pathogens are unknown to the immune system?

  Lymphocytes create different shapes of antibodies
• What is immunity?

  Protection against future infections
• What is a vaccine?

  A dead or inert version of a pathogen
• How does a vaccine work?

  It exposes the immune system to a pathogen
• What is the flu vaccine?

  An irradiated virus that cannot infect
• How does the COVID-19 vaccine work?

  It uses mRNA to synthesize part of the virus
• What do antibiotics kill?

  Bacteria
• What was the first antibiotic discovered?

  Penicillin
• Why are antibiotics designed to be specific?

  To avoid damaging good bacteria
• What happens as bacteria mutate?

  They can become resistant to antibiotics
• From what are drugs like aspirin extracted?

  Plants and other organisms
• What is the process for drug testing?

  Lab trials, animal trials, then human trials
• What is a placebo?

  A sugar pill given to a control group
• What is a blind trial?

  Subjects don't know what they receive
• What is a double-blind trial?

  Neither subjects nor researchers know