Inheritance, Variation and Evolution

• What is the process by which gametes are made?

  Meiosis
• How many pairs of chromosomes are in a diploid human cell?

  23 pairs
• What happens to chromosomes during meiosis?

  They are copied and then paired up
• What is the result of meiosis in terms of cell type?

  Four haploid cells
• What type of cells do plants produce for reproduction?

  Pollen and egg cells
• What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

  It produces genetically identical clones
• What is an advantage of sexual reproduction?

  It increases genetic variation
• What is the term for all genetic material in an organism?

  Genome
• What is a gene?

  A section of DNA coding for a protein
• When was the Human Genome Project completed?

  2003
• What does genotype refer to?

  The genetic code stored in DNA
• What is phenotype?

  How genetic code is expressed in traits
• What are the monomers of DNA called?

  Nucleotides
• What are the four types of nucleotides in DNA?

  A, T, C, and G
• Which nucleotide pairs with adenine?

  Thymine
• What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

  It copies the DNA sequence
• What must happen to proteins after they are synthesized?

  They need to be folded
• What can mutations in DNA lead to?

  Proteins that do not function properly
• What is epigenetics?

  Influence of DNA on gene expression
• What are alleles?

  Different versions of the same gene
• What is a dominant allele?

  Expressed even with another allele present
• What does a Punnett square predict?

  Probability of certain phenotypes
• If both parents are heterozygous for eye color, what is the chance of a blue-eyed child?

  25%
• What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

  A recessive allele
• How many pairs of chromosomes determine sex in humans?

  One pair
• What is the chance of having a male child if the parents have XY and XX chromosomes?

  50%
• What does Darwin's theory of evolution state?

  Random variation leads to survival advantages
• What is bacterial resistance evidence of?

  Darwin's theory of evolution
• Why is it important to complete a course of antibiotics?

  To prevent resistant bacteria from reproducing
• What defines a species?

  Ability to produce fertile offspring
• What is selective breeding?

  Breeding for desired characteristics
• What is genetic modification?

  Altering an organism's DNA
• What is the process of genetic engineering?

  Cutting and inserting genes into organisms
• What is a vector in genetic engineering?

  A carrier for inserting genes
• What is the significance of fossils?

  They are remains of ancient organisms
• What is cloning?

  Making exact copies of organisms
• What is the easiest way to clone plants?

  Taking cuttings and planting them
• What is the process of cloning animals?

  Inserting a nucleus into an egg cell
• Who classified organisms into kingdoms?

  Carolus Linnaeus
• What is the binomial name of an organism?

  Genus and species combined